The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Delay of gratification in children.
Abstract
To function effectively, individuals must voluntarily postpone immediate gratification and persist in goal-directed behavior for the sake of later outcomes. The present research program analyzed the nature of this type of future-oriented self-control and the psychological processes that underlie it. Enduring individual differences in self-control were found as early as the preschool years. Those 4-year-old children who delayed gratification longer in certain laboratory situations developed into more cognitively and socially competent adolescents, achieving higher scholastic performance and coping better with frustration and stress. Experiments in the same research program also identified specific cognitive and attentional processes that allow effective self-regulation early in the course of development. The experimental results, in turn, specified the particular types of preschool delay situations diagnostic for predicting aspects of cognitive and social competence later in life.
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In the citing paper
“Mischel (1989) showed that children typically behave in one of two ways: 1) either they ring the bell almost immediately in order to have the cookie, which means they only get one; or 2) they wait and optimize their gains to receive both cookies.”
From The Adolescent Brain (2008) · cites this paper as Mischel et al. 1989
In the citing paper
“This observation suggests that some individuals are better than others in their ability to control impulses in the presence of highly salient incentives, and this bias can be detected in early childhood (Mischel et al. 1989).”
From The Adolescent Brain (2008) · cites this paper as Mischel et al. 1989
In the citing paper
“Indeed, children who successfully waited often employed strategies such as turning away from the marshmallow, thinking of the visible marshmallow as merely a photograph, or distracting themselves by imagining instead the taste of salty pretzels to redirect ‘wanting’ toward that different food.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Mischel et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“Children found it much harder to wait if any marshmallows were actually present to be seen and perhaps smelled (Mischel et al., 1989).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Mischel et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“In humans, self-control has been linked to health, economic, social, and academic achievement, and is known to be heritable (170-172).”
From The evolution of self-control. (2014) · cites this paper as [171]
In the citing paper
“Inhibitory control—the ability to resist a prepotent behavioral response—is central to solving many problems (Diamond 1990; Hauser 1999) and has been linked to social competence, criminal behavior, health, and economic status in humans (Mischel et al. 1989; Moffitt et al. 2011).”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Mischel et al. 1989
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- ORCID
- Shoda, Yuichi
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1989-05-26
- Volume
- 244
- Issue
- 4907
- Pages
- 933-938
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2004704125
- Cited by
- 3,397
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 258 · 2019: 240 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 169 · 2015: 193 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 171 · 2012: 143
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- delay of gratification, self-control, preschool children, individual differences, cognitive skills, social competence, scholastic performance, stress coping, self-regulation, attentional processes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Attention, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Frustration, Humans, Individuality, Male, Reward, Social Adjustment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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