Cited by 3,544T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmunotherapy and Immune Responsesvaccines and immunoinformatics approaches

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Phenotypic Analysis of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes

Altman, John D., Moss, Paul A. H., Goulder, Philip J. R., Barouch, Dan H., McHeyzer-Williams, Michael G., Bell, John I., McMichael, Andrew J., Davis, Mark M.·1996·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.274.5284.94

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Abstract

Identification and characterization of antigen-specific T lymphocytes during the course of an immune response is tedious and indirect. To address this problem, the peptide-major histocompatability complex (MHC) ligand for a given population of T cells was multimerized to make soluble peptide-MHC tetramers. Tetramers of human lymphocyte antigen A2 that were complexed with two different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived peptides or with a peptide derived from influenza A matrix protein bound to peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro and to T cells from the blood of HIV-infected individuals. In general, tetramer binding correlated well with cytotoxicity assays. This approach should be useful in the analysis of T cells specific for infectious agents, tumors, and autoantigens.

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Background
Functionally Inert HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Do Not Play a Major Role in Chronically Infected Adults and Children
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
Interplay between T Cell Receptor Binding Kinetics and the Level of Cognate Peptide Presented by Major Histocompatibility Complexes Governs CD8+ T Cell Responsiveness
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Mechanisms of T-Cell Activation by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
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“Recent advances in generating MHC-peptide complexes and peptide-loaded soluble MHC class I-immunoglobulin complexes make it feasible to directly isolate antigen-specific T cells (11, 101).”
Background
Role of Cellular Immunity in Protection against HIV Infection**This article was accepted for publication on 31 October 1996.
Rowland‐Jones, S., Tan, R., & McMichael, A. J. (1997) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60745-2 · Cited by 123
Self-citation
The Size and Phenotype of Virus-Specific T Cell Populations Is Determined by Repetitive Antigenic Stimulation and Environmental Cytokines
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Self-citation
Plasmid Chemokines and Colony-Stimulating Factors Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Priming-Viral Vector Boosting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccines
Barouch, D. H., McKay, P. F., Sumida, S. M., Santra, S., Jackson, S. S., Gorgone, D. A., Lifton, M. A., Chakrabarti, B. K., Xu, L., Nabel, G. J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.16.8729-8735.2003 · Cited by 122
Self-citation
BirA Enzyme: Production and Application in the Study of Membrane Receptor–Ligand Interactions by Site-Specific Biotinylation
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Self-citation
A Potent Immunogenic General Cancer Vaccine That Targets Survivin, an Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
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“To confirm this point, we first studied the CTLp frequency in several survivin-positive cancer patients’ PBMCs by using HLAA24/survivin-2B80-88 peptide tetramer as described previously (31).”
Method
Recognition of Homo- and Heterosubtypic Variants of Influenza A Viruses by Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes
Boon, A. C. M., de Mutsert, G., van Baarle, D., Smith, D. J., Lapedes, A. S., Fouchier, R. A. M., Sintnicolaas, K., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2453 · Cited by 122
“virus (NPESV, NPDSI, NPDTI, NPDPI) as previously described (20).”
Background
Identification of HLA-B27-Restricted Peptides from the Chlamydia trachomatis Proteome with Possible Relevance to HLA-B27-Associated Diseases
Kuon, W., Holzhütter, H., Appel, H., Grolms, M., Kollnberger, S., Traeder, A., Henklein, P., Weiss, E. H., Thiel, A., Lauster, R., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4738 · Cited by 122
“Wiley, Boston University, Boston, MA) was modified by tagging with the BirA recognition sequence as previously described (33) and by mutating the Cys(67) to Ser(67) (34).”
Method
Multiparity induces priming to male-specific minor histocompatibility antigen, HY, in mice and humans
James, E., Chai, J., Dewchand, H., Macchiarulo, E., Dazzi, F., & Simpson, E. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3170 · Cited by 121
On the role of the inhibitory receptor LAG-3 in acute and chronic LCMV infection
Richter, K., Agnellini, P., & Oxenius, A. (2009) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxp107 · Cited by 121
Visualization and Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus F-Specific CD8+ T Cells During Experimental Virus Infection
Chang, J., Srikiatkhachorn, A., & Braciale, T. J. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4254 · Cited by 121
“MHC class I-peptide tetramers were produced as described previously (15).”
Method
Proteasome-Assisted Identification of a SSX-2-Derived Epitope Recognized by Tumor-Reactive CTL Infiltrating Metastatic Melanoma
Ayyoub, M., Stevanović, S., Şahin, U., Guillaume, P., Servis, C., Rimoldi, D., Valmori, D., Romero, P. J., Cerottini, J., Rammensee, H., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1717 · Cited by 121
“A2/SSX-241–49 multimeric complexes were synthesized as described (23).”
Method
T-cell clonality in immune responses
Maini, M. K., Casorati, G., Dellabona, P., Wack, A., & Beverley, P. C. L. (1999) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01472-3 · Cited by 121
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“HLA-A⁎0201/peptide tetramers were generated as previously described (Altman et al., 1996) using streptavidin-PE (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR).”
Method
Frequency of Epitope-Specific Naive CD4+ T Cells Correlates with Immunodominance in the Human Memory Repertoire
Kwok, W. W., Tan, V., Gillette, L., Littell, C. T., Soltis, M. A., LaFond, R. E., Yang, J., James, E. A., & DeLong, J. H. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102190 · Cited by 120
“The development of MHC-tetramer reagents provided an additional tool capable of detecting Ag-specific T cells in a direct fashion (5, 6).”
Method
Protection or damage: a dual role for the virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in hepatitis B and C infection?
Bertoletti, A., & Maini, M. K. (2000) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00108-4 · Cited by 120
Prime–boost immunization generates a high frequency, high-avidity CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte population
Estcourt, M. J., Ramsay, A. J., Brööks, A. G., Thomson, S. A., Medveckzy, C. J., & Ramshaw, I. A. (2002) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/14.1.31 · Cited by 120
HLA-DQ Tetramers Identify Epitope-Specific T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2-Infected Individuals: Direct Detection of Immunodominant Antigen-Responsive Cells
Kwok, W. W., Liu, A. W., Novak, E. J., Gebe, J. A., Ettinger, R. A., Nepom, G. T., Reymond, S. N., & Koelle, D. M. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4244 · Cited by 120
β-Cell–Specific CD8 T Cell Phenotype in Type 1 Diabetes Reflects Chronic Autoantigen Exposure
Skowera, A., Ladell, K., McLaren, J. E., Dolton, G. M., Matthews, K. K., Emma Gostick, D., Kronenberg‐Versteeg, D., Eichmann, M., Knight, R. R., Heck, S., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0332 · Cited by 118
“In particular, antigen-specific CD8 T cells can now be enumerated routinely by flow cytometry irrespective of functional outputs due to the advent of recombinant peptide-HLAI (pHLAI) proteins in various fluorochrome-tagged multimeric formats (10-13).”
Background
Impact of cryopreservation on tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and ELISPOT
Maecker, H. T., Moon, J., Bhatia, S., Ghanekar, S., Maino, V. C., Payne, J. K., Kuus-Reichel, K., Chang, J. C. C., Summers, A. N., Clay, T. M., et al. (2005) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/1471-2172-6-17 · Cited by 119
“These are increasingly being replaced by single-cell assays, such as MHC-peptide tetramer staining [20], cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) – also known as intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) [21,22], and enzymelinked immunospot (ELISPOT) [23].”
High frequency of cytolytic T lymphocytes directed against a tumor-specific mutated antigen detectable with HLA tetramers in the blood of a lung carcinoma patient with long survival.
Karanikas, V., Colau, D., Baurain, J., Chiari, R., Thonnard, J., Gutierrez-Roelens, I., Goffinet, C., SCHAFTINGEN, E. V., Weynants, P., Boon, T., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 119
Different contribution of EBV and CMV infections in very long-term carriers to age-related alterations of CD8+ T cells
Vescovini, R., Telera, A. R., Fagnoni, F. F., Biasini, C., Medici, M. C., Valcavi, P., Pede, P. D., Lucchini, G., Zanlari, L., Passeri, G., et al. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.04.004 · Cited by 120
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Circulating CD8 T Lymphocytes Have Down-Modulated CD3ζ and CD28, Key Signaling Molecules for T-Cell Activation
Trimble, L. A., Shankar, P., Patterson, M. N., Daily, J. P., & Lieberman, J. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.16.7320-7330.2000 · Cited by 119
“As many as 1 in 100 circulating CD8 T cells are specific for a single HIV peptide epitope in untreated patients (1, 37).”
Influential
Quantitating the Magnitude of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Specific CD8 T-Cell Response: It Is Even Bigger than We Thought
Masopust, D., Murali-Krishna, K., & Ahmed, R. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01459-06 · Cited by 114
“LCMV-specific CD8 T cells were detected using H-2D tetramers (NP396, GP33, and GP276) and H-2K (GP34) tetramers, constructed as previously described (3).”
A phase I trial of intratumoral administration of recombinant oncolytic adenovirus overexpressing HSP70 in advanced solid tumor patients
Li, J., Liu, H., Xr, Z., Xu, J.-P., Hu, W.-K., Liang, M., Chen, S.-Y., Hu, F., & Chu, D.-T. (2008) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2008.179 · Cited by 118
Bim mediates apoptosis of CD127lo effector T cells and limits T cell memory
Wojciechowski, S., Jordan, M. B., Zhu, Y., White, J., Zajac, A. J., & Hildeman, D. A. (2006) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200635897 · Cited by 120
Overexpression of IL-15 In Vivo Increases Antigen-Driven Memory CD8+ T Cells Following a Microbe Exposure
Yajima, T., Nishimura, H., Ishimitsu, R., Watase, T., Busch, D. H., Pamer, E. G., Kuwano, H., & Yoshikai, Y. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1198 · Cited by 116
“MHC-peptide tetramers for staining of epitope-specific cells were generated as recently described (27, 28).”
Method
Failing immune control as a result of impaired CD8+ T-cell maturation: CD27 might provide a clue
van Baarle, D., Kostense, S., van Oers, M. H. J., Hamann, D., & Miedema, F. F. (2002) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02326-8 · Cited by 118
Intrahepatic virus-specific IL-10-producing CD8 T cells prevent liver damage during chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Abel, M., Sène, D., Pol, S., Bourlière, M., Poynard, T., Charlotte, F., Cacoub, P., & Caillat‐Zucman, S. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21438 · Cited by 117
Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection
Chang, K. (2003) · Clinics in Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(02)00068-5 · Cited by 117
A point mutation in the alpha-actinin-4 gene generates an antigenic peptide recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human lung carcinoma.
Echchakir, H., Mami‐Chouaib, F., Vergnon, I., Baurain, J., Karanikas, V., Chouaı̈b, S., & Coulie, P. G. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 117
CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides differentially enhance human peptide–specific primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro
Rothenfußer, S., Hornung, V., Ayyoub, M., Britsch, S., Towarowski, A., Krug, A., Sarris, A., Lübenow, N., Speiser, D. E., Endres, S., et al. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-04-1091 · Cited by 116
CD1b tetramers bind αβ T cell receptors to identify a mycobacterial glycolipid-reactive T cell repertoire in humans
Kasmar, A. G., Rhijn, I. V., Cheng, T., Turner, M. T., Seshadri, C., Schiefner, A., Kalathur, R., Annand, J. W., de Jong, A., Shires, J., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20110665 · Cited by 116
“Tetramers take advantage of multimer ization to generate high avidity fluorescent staining reagents that bind to individual clonotypic TCRs and selectively track antigenspecific T cells within much larger T cell populations (Altman et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Optogenetic control shows that kinetic proofreading regulates the activity of the T cell receptor
Yousefi, O. S., Günther, M., Hörner, M., Chalupsky, J., Wess, M., Brandl, S. M., Smith, R. W., Fleck, C. C., Kunkel, T., Zurbriggen, M. D., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.42475 · Cited by 116
“, 2007), tetrameric pMHC based on streptavidin are routinely used to stimulate the TCR (Altman et al., 1996) and to obtain insight into ligand discrimination by T cells (Stone et al.”
Background
Analysis of Qa-1bPeptide Binding Specificity and the Capacity of Cd94/Nkg2a to Discriminate between Qa-1–Peptide Complexes
Leavey, J. K., Vance, R. E., Pohl, J., Martin, A. M., Raulet, D. H., & Jensen, P. E. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.5.613 · Cited by 116
“Soluble Qa-1 b and human b 2-microglobulin ( b 2m) were purified and refolded with peptide as described (38).”
Method
T cell immunity in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues
Lefrançois, L., & Masopust, D. (2002) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00360-6 · Cited by 116
Viral Infection Results in Massive CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Mortality in Vaccinated Perforin-Deficient Mice
Badovinac, V. P., Hamilton, S. E., & Harty, J. T. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00079-7 · Cited by 113
Cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a HIV-1 p24 epitope in slow progressors with B*57
Gillespie, G. M. A., Kaul, R., Dong, T., Yang, H., Rostron, T., Bwayo, J. J., Kiama, P., Peto, T., Plummer, F. A., McMichael, A. J., et al. (2002) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200205030-00002 · Cited by 115
“The expression of MHC class I heavy chain, â2-microglobulin, the refolding of B 5701/B 5703 and the biotinylation and tetramerization of complexes were carried out according to previously described protocols [30,31].”
MethodSelf-citation
CD27 sustains survival of CTLs in virus-infected nonlymphoid tissue in mice by inducing autocrine IL-2 production
Peperzak, V., Xiao, Y., Veraar, E. A. M., & Borst, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci40178 · Cited by 120
Human circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells
Buggert, M., Price, D. A., Mackay, L. K., & Betts, M. R. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01538-6 · Cited by 125
Molecular Mimicry in Lyme Arthritis Demonstrated at the Single Cell Level: LFA-1αL Is a Partial Agonist for Outer Surface Protein A-Reactive T Cells
Trollmo, C., Meyer, A. L., Steere, A. C., Hafler, D. A., & Huber, B. T. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5286 · Cited by 115
Fludarabine Modulates Immune Response and Extends In Vivo Survival of Adoptively Transferred CD8 T Cells in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma
Wallen, H. D., Thompson, J. A., Reilly, J. Z., Rodmyre, R. M., Cao, J., & Yee, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004749 · Cited by 115
The Shape of the Lymphocyte Receptor Repertoire: Lessons from the B Cell Receptor
Jackson, K., Kidd, M. J., Wang, Y., & Collins, A. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00263 · Cited by 114
“The development of techniques for the creation of MHC peptide tetramer complexes has facilitated the identification of antigen-specific T cells by flow cytometry (102).”
Method
An age-related increase in the number of CD8+ T cells carrying receptors for an immunodominant Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) epitope is counteracted by a decreased frequency of their antigen-specific responsiveness
Ouyang, Q., Wagner, W. M., Walter, S., Müller, C. A., Wikby, A., Aubert, G., Klatt, T., Stevanović, S., Dodi, T., & Pawelec, G. (2003) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00026-5 · Cited by 113
Immune Complex-Loaded Dendritic Cells Are Superior to Soluble Immune Complexes as Antitumor Vaccine
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Molecular Analysis of the Epidermal Growth Factor-like Short Consensus Repeat Domain-mediated Protein-Protein Interactions
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MHC Class II Tetramers
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A Specific Role for B Cells in the Generation of CD8 T Cell Memory by Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes
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“MHC class I (H-2K) tetramers complexed with LCMV-gp34–41 peptides were produced and used as previously described (61, 62).”
Method
Differential Narrow Focusing of Immunodominant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses in Infected African and Caucasoid Adults and Children
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Self-citation
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Method
Status of Activation of Circulating Vaccine-Elicited CD8+ T Cells
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“Tetrameric peptide-HLA-A*0201 complexes were produced as described previously (8, 18).”
Method
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“have described a method by which four class I heterodimers bound with a specific peptide can be assembled with fluorescent, conjugated streptavidin and used to stain T cells with T-cell receptors (TCRs) that have affinity for the peptide presented in the context of the class I molecule (1).”
Method
Parasite Stage–Specific Recognition of Endogenous Toxoplasma gondii –Derived CD8 + T Cell Epitopes
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“The study of virus-specific T cell populations has been greatly aided by recent technological advances, including the development of tetrameric complexes of MHC glycoprotein loaded with peptides and the staining for intracellular cytokines in cells stimulated with peptides (34, 35), both of which have allowed the dire…”
Background
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Duration of Antigen Availability Influences the Expansion and Memory Differentiation of T Cells
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“H-2K tetramers containing the OVA-derived peptide SIINFEKL or the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleoprotein-derived peptide RGYVYQGL were produced as previously described (28, 29).”
Immunology
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Monoclonal Anti-MAGE-3 CTL Responses in Melanoma Patients Displaying Tumor Regression after Vaccination with a Recombinant Canarypox Virus
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“A1), or VSDGGPNLY (influenza basic polymerase 1 (18)), as described previously (19).”
Background
Interference with T cell receptor–HLA-DR interactions by Epstein–Barr virus gp42 results in reduced T helper cell recognition
Ressing, M. E., van Leeuwen, D., Verreck, F. A. W., Gomez, R., Heemskerk, B., Toebes, M., Mullen, M. M., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R., Schilham, M. W., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2034960100 · Cited by 111
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Method
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“Using tetramer staining ( Altman et al.1996 ), another study (Ogg et al. 1999) found that the CTL population expressing the activation marker CD38 (Lund et al.1998) decayed with a half-life that ranged from 15 to 60 days, depending on the patient, sometimes preceded by a marked early £uctuation (which the authors theo…”
Method
T-Cell Responses Directed against Multiple HLA-A*0201-Restricted Epitopes Derived from Wilms' Tumor 1 Protein in Patients with Leukemia and Healthy Donors: Identification, Quantification, and Characterization
Rezvani, K., Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Kilical, Y., Emma Gostick, D., Sewell, A. K., Li, J., Mielke, S., Douek, D. C., & Barrett, A. J. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1314 · Cited by 110
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Hernández, J., Lee, P. P., Davis, M. M., & Sherman, L. A. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.596 · Cited by 110
“Production of MHC/peptide tetramers was described in detail elsewhere (28).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Adjuvant Immunization of HLA-A2–Positive Melanoma Patients With a Modified gp100 Peptide Induces Peptide-Specific CD8+T-Cell Responses
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Background
Epstein-barr virus (EBV) reactivation in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: relationship between viral load, EBV-specific T-cell reconstitution and rituximab therapy
Clave, E., Agbalika, F., Bajzik, V., de Latour, R. P., Trillard, M., Rabian, C., Scieux, C., Devergié, A., Socié, G., Ribaud, P., et al. (2004) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000093997.83754.2b · Cited by 109
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“The resulting biotinylated monomer was mixed with streptavidinAPC conjugate (BD PharMingen) at a molar ratio of 4:1 to form tetramers (15).”
Method
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Self-citation
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Authors: Altman, J. D., Moss, P. A. H., Goulder, P. J. R., Barouch, D. H., McHeyzer-Williams, M. G., Bell, J. I., McMichael, A. J., & Davis, M. M.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
J. D. Altman and M. G. McHeyzer-Williams, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5428, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Davis, Mark M.
ORCID: Altman, John D.
Moss, Paul A. H.
Goulder, Philip J. R.
Barouch, Dan H.
Bell, John I.
McMichael, Andrew J.
Davis, Mark M.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1996-10-04
Volume: 274
Issue: 5284
Pages: 94-96
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5284.94
OpenAlex: W2067069532
Cited by: 3,544
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 35.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Keywords: antigen-specific T cells, peptide-MHC tetramers, HLA-A2, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytotoxicity assay, T cell phenotyping, HIV infection, tumor-specific T cells, autoantigen-specific T cells
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Epitopes, Antigens, Viral, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Coloring Agents, Flow Cytometry, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Fragments, Phenotype, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Viral Matrix Proteins, Gene Products, gag, HLA-A2 Antigen, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

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Phenotypic Analysis of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes

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