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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations
Open accessAbstract
Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation: As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also p. 136
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Overfishing causes frequent fish population collapses but rare extinctions
Pape, O. L., Bonhommeau, S., Nieblas, A.-E., & Fromentin, J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1706893114 · Cited by 28
Pfaller, J. B., Chaloupka, M. Y., Bolten, A. B., & Bjorndal, K. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24262-w · Cited by 28
Hou, D., Cui, X., Liu, M., Qie, H., Tang, Y., Xu, R., Zhao, P., Leng, W., Luo, N., Luo, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120406 · Cited by 27
A global indicator of utilized wildlife populations: Regional trends and the impact of management
McRae, L., Freeman, R., Geldmann, J., Moss, G. B., Kjær-Hansen, L., & Burgess, N. D. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.03.014 · Cited by 37
“Although populations that are not utilized may be affected by threat processes such as habitat loss, it appears that the impact of utilization in addition to the presence of other threats is significant, as suggested in other studies.(19,20) However, the global average masks some interesting variation because just und…”
Sustainable palm fruit harvesting as a pathway to conserve Amazon peatland forests
Pizango, G. H., Coronado, E. N. H., Pasquel, J. D. Á., LLAMPAZO, G. R. F., de Jong, J., Oroche, J. C. C., Huaymacari, J. M. R., Carver, S., Torres, D. D. C., Draper, F. C. H., et al. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00858-z · Cited by 27
Jiang, X., Sun, Y., Qu, Y., Zeng, H., Yang, J., Zhang, K., & Liu, L. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-25615-3 · Cited by 29
Regional patterns of wild animal hunting in African tropical forests
Ingram, D. J., Froese, G., Carroll, D., Bürkner, P., Maisels, F. G., Ajonina, A. S., Allebone‐Webb, S., Balmford, A. P., Cornélis, D., Dethier, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-024-01494-5 · Cited by 35
“Hunting has been identified as a major pressure on wild animals, and unsustainable hunting (overexploitation) can drive species towards extirpation or extinction 2–5 .”
Self-citationBrodie, J. F., Deith, M. C. M., Burns, P., Goetz, S. J., Cunningham, C., Hill, J. K., Reynolds, G., & Mohd‐Azlan, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63205-8 · Cited by 30
“More-over, and again like protected areas 28 – 30 , underfunded or poorly managed OECMs could be ineffective at achieving positive conservation outcomes.”
Whytock, R. C., Morgan, B. J., Awa, T., Bekokon, Z., Abwe, E. E., Buij, R., Virani, M. Z., Vickery, J. A., & Bunnefeld, N. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.034 · Cited by 30
Kong, D., Wu, F., Shan, P.-F., Gao, J., Yan, D., Luo, W., & Yang, X. (2018) · Avian Research · doi:10.1186/s40657-018-0110-0 · Cited by 26
“Large-scale and systematic studies have also documented that hunting is a major driver of biodiversity loss in tropical mammal and bird populations (Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
Climate Change Increases Nitrogen Concentration in Rice With Low Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Yin, Y., Qingfeng, M., Hao, Y., Qingsong, Z., Liu, Y., & Cui, Z. (2021) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2020ef001878 · Cited by 27
Animals feel safer from humans in the dark
Benítez‐López, A. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau1311 · Cited by 27
Self-citationWidespread Use of Migratory Megafauna for Aquatic Wild Meat in the Tropics and Subtropics
Ingram, D. J., Prideaux, M., Hodgins, N. K., Frisch-Nwakanma, H., Ávila, I. C., Collins, T., Cosentino, M., Keith‐Diagne, L. W., Marsh, H., Shirley, M. H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.837447 · Cited by 23
Self-citationWang, X., Li, Z., Li, H., Shen, T., Luo, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, X., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109908 · Cited by 24
Constantino, P. D. A. L. (2018) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892918000322 · Cited by 24
Huang, G., Sreekar, R., Velho, N., Corlett, R. T., Quan, R., & Tomlinson, K. W. (2020) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12588 · Cited by 25
“Similarly, distance to forest edge and distance to nearest village can affect mammal diversity due to habitat degradation and hunting pressure respectively (Yue et al., 2015; Benitez-Lopez et al., 2017; Koerner et al., 2017).”
BackgroundExploring spatio-temporal variation in soundscape saturation of an African tropical forest landscape
Zwerts, J. A., Wiegers, J., Sterck, E. H. M., & van Kuijk, M. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108712 · Cited by 24
Wang, Y., Turvey, S. T., & Leader‐Williams, N. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16425 · Cited by 23
“For example, the percentage of shops selling illegal pangolin scale products has not declined significantly during the past 10 years (Challender et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2021; Xu, 2009; Xu et al., 2016).”
Whitworth, A. W., Beirne, C., Flatt, E. J., Huarcaya, R. P., Díaz, J. C. C., Forsyth, A. B., Molnár, P. K., & Soto, J. S. V. (2018) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/condor-18-57.1 · Cited by 24
Ponta, N., Cornioley, T., Dray, A. G., van Vliet, N., Waeber, P. O., & García, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00034 · Cited by 24
Montes‐Rojas, A., Delgado-Morales, N. A. J., Escucha, R., Siabatto, L. C., & Link, A. (2024) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-024-02907-9 · Cited by 23
“…Central and South America still hold a significant proportion of tropical forests, compared to other regions in the world, vertebrate population declines in these ecosystems have reached dramatical high levels (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017; Almond et al. 2020; Leung et al. 2020; Brodie et al. 2021 ).”
Optimizing feeding frequencies in fish: A meta-analysis and machine learning approach
Huang, M. H., Zhou, Y., Yang, X., Gao, Q., Chen, Y.-N., Ren, Y.-C., & Dong, S. (2024) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741678 · Cited by 23
Ali, N., Dong, Y., & Lavely, E. K. (2024) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109148 · Cited by 23
Incentives and social relationships of hunters and traders in a Liberian bushmeat system
Jones, S. C. Z., Papworth, S., Keane, A. M., John, F. S., Smith, E., Flomo, A., Nyamunue, Z., & Vickery, J. A. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.006 · Cited by 23
Drivers and spatial patterns of avian defaunation in tropical forests
Ferreiro‐Arias, I., Santini, L., Sagar, H. S. S. C., Richard‐Hansen, C., Guilbert, É., Forget, P., van Kuijk, M., Scabin, A. B., Peres, C. A., Revilla, E., et al. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13855 · Cited by 22
Self-citationRafaai, N. H., Abdullah, S. A., & Reza, M. I. H. (2020) · Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100298 · Cited by 22
Illegal killing of nongame wildlife and recreational shooting in conservation areas
Katzner, T., Carlisle, J. D., Poessel, S. A., Thomason, E. C., Pauli, B. P., Pilliod, D., Belthoff, J., Heath, J., Parker, K. J., Warner, K. S., et al. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.279 · Cited by 22
“Hunting of wildlife for food or trophies is widespread in protected areas worldwide (Benítez-López et al., 2017), and this study suggests that illegal shooting associated with recreation in conservation areas also likely occurs more than is commonly recognized.”
Weighing the Evidence for the Abundant-Center Hypothesis
Dallas, T., Santini, L., Decker, R. R., & Hastings, A. (2020) · Biodiversity Informatics · doi:10.17161/bi.v15i3.11989 · Cited by 22
“2015), while direct disturbance, exploitation, shifts in competitive community structure, mating opportunities, and reduced access to resources can also reduce population density (Lemoine et al. 2007; Benı́tez-López et al. 2010; Benı́tez-López et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialTargeting Conservation Actions at Species Threat Response Thresholds
Ingram, D. J., Ferreira, G. B., Jones, K. E., & Mace, G. M. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.004 · Cited by 27
Self-citationFa, J. E., Brull, G. R., Martín, E. Á., Okale, R., Fouda, F., Farfán, M. Á., Cain, B., Fisher, R., Coad, L., & Funk, S. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83223-y · Cited by 22
Mammal distribution and trends in the threatened Ebo 'intact forest landscape', Cameroon
Whytock, R. C., Abwe, E. E., Mfossa, D. M., Ketchen, M. E., Abwe, A. E., Nguimdo, V. R. V., Maisels, F. G., Strindberg, S., & Morgan, B. J. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01833 · Cited by 22
Rahayu, S., Pambudi, S., Permadi, D., Tata, H. L., Martini, E., Rasnovi, S., Nuroniah, H. S., Kindt, R., Nugraha, M., Dewi, S., et al. (2022) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100030 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-04-14
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 6334
- Pages
- 180-183
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2605583228
- Semantic Scholar
- 47a3f1d848466466f1761bd70a29fd3871091b5e
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 35.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Sussex
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- hunting, defaunation, tropical mammals, tropical birds, population decline (ecology), wild meat trade, hunting pressure, protected areas, commercial hunting, biodiversity loss, human accessibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Human Activities, Mammals, Population Density, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological
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