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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations

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Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., Huijbregts, M. A. J.·2017·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.aaj1891

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Abstract

Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation: As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also p. 136

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Mammal conservation in Amazonia’s protected areas: A case study of Peru’s Ichigkat Muja - Cordillera del Cóndor National Park
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“…local climate (Spera et al., 2020), increases wild - fires (Alencar et al., 2015 ), and intensifies the effects of other pervasive but poorly mapped threats such as overhunting (Benítez-López et al., 2017 ; Peres, 2001 ) and human-wildlife conflicts (Buchholtz et al., 2020 ; Lima et al., 2019).”
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Wildlife trade at the interface between deeply-rooted animal-based traditional medicine and unregulated harvesting of wild animals in West Africa
Zanvo, S., Dognimon, S., Djagoun, C. A. M. S., Akpatchémè, J., Azihou, A. F., Djossa, B. A., Sogbohossou, E. A., & Sinsin, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2024.1481791 · Cited by 8
Jaguar (Panthera onca) density and population size across protected areas and indigenous lands in the Amazon biome, its largest stronghold
Alvarenga, G. C., Tobler, M. W., Boron, V., de Carvalho, E. A. R., Morato, R. G., Endo, W., Mendonça, E. N., Sampaio, R., Durigan, C., Gonçalves, A. L. S., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111010 · Cited by 8
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Illegal trapping and local trade of farmland birds in Madhesh Province, Nepal
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Influence of Agricultural Expansion and Human Disturbance on the Encounter Rates of Nocturnal Mammals in Tropical Hill Forests in Bangladesh
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Interactive effects of elevation and newly paved road on avian community composition in a scientific reserve, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
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“This biome is threatened by many human-mediated pressures, including hunting (Brodie et al 2015, Harrison et al 2016, Benitez-Lopez et al 2017, Osuri et al 2020), the wildlife trade (Symes et al 2018, Scheffers et al 2019, Morton et al 2021), and climate change (Barlow et al 2018).”
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“Many forests worldwide are severely depleted of wildlife (Benítez-López et al. 2017), dramatically affecting their ecological integrity through the loss of functional seed dispersal and herbivory, and changes in predator–prey dynamics (Peres and Palacios 2007; Jorge et al. 2013).”
Responses of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) to observers holding popguns: Adult and juvenile gulls differ
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Enhancing Wheat Yield and Quality Through Late-Season Foliar Nitrogen Application: A Global Meta-Analysis
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Hunting, capture, and wildlife use by communities in a semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil
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“An assessment of the impact that hunting has on tropical animal populations has found that overexploitation through hunting is affecting bird and mammal populations across South America with their abundance being drastically reduced in hunting grounds (Benítez-López et al., 2017).”
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Geodiversity and Tourism Sustainability in the Anthropocene
Chakraborty, A. (2022) · Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.3390/tourhosp3020031 · Cited by 7
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Birds and bats reduce herbivory damage in Papua New Guinean highland forests
Sivault, E., Koane, B., Chmurova, L., & Sam, K. (2024) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.4421 · Cited by 7
From town to national park: Understanding the long-term effects of hunting and logging on tree communities in Central Africa
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Grazing Significantly Increases N2O Emission Rates in Alpine Meadows of the Tibetan Plateau
Li, W., Qingmin, X., Zhou, H., & Du, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.920154 · Cited by 7
Foxes and goats: the outcome of free-ranging livestock farming in Brazilian dry forests
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Endemic birds in Papua New Guinea's montane forests: human use and conservation
Supuma, M. (2018) · ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) · doi:10.25903/5d0194ca93995 · Cited by 7
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BackgroundInfluential
Anticipating anthropogenic threats in acquiring new protected areas
Albers, H. J., Chang, C. H., Dissanayake, S. T. M., Helmstedt, K. J., Kroetz, K., Dilkina, B., Zapata-Morán, I., Nolte, C., Ochoa‐Ochoa, L. M., & Spencer, G. (2023) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14176 · Cited by 7
“Reﬂecting observations that high threat levels correspond to low species persistence (Benítez-López et al., 2017), each species in an unenforced protected area contributes a value of p ij to the total landscape expected value of conservation of that species, up to a maximum of 1 per species.”
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The impact of human disturbances on the regeneration layer of tropical rainforests
Arasa‐Gisbert, R., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., & Meave, J. A. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad95a0 · Cited by 8
“…rates of forest conversion among all biomes (Song et al 2018), and are being particularly affected by biological invasions (Moser et al 2018), high defaunation rates (Benítez-López et al 2017, 2019, Ferreiro-Arias et al 2024) and dev-astating wildfires (Mead et al 2018, Silveira et al 2022).”
Defaunation disrupts the behavior of large terrestrial vertebrates, impacting ecological functions in the Amazon
Batista, G. D. S., Brocardo, C. R., Castro, A. B., Fogliatti, E. F., Galetti, M., Pires, M. M., & Fadini, R. F. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03522 · Cited by 6
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Fang, W., Chen, Y., Zhang, A., Nghiem, L. D., Wei, Y., Johir, M. A. H., Ding, G., Xu, T., & Ji, L. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2025.07.012 · Cited by 6
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Do human–wildlife interactions predict offspring hiding strategies in peri-urban fallow deer?
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Hunting motivations, behaviour and forest access: Characterising wildlife hunting practices in a multi‐ethnic, forested landscape of Brunei Darussalam, Southeast Asia
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Small-scale dung survey reveals high forest elephant density and preference for mixed species forest in an intact protected area
Breuer, T., Hockemba, M. B., & Strindberg, S. (2021) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02214-7 · Cited by 6
Effects of Heavy Degradation on Alpine Meadows: Soil N2O Emission Rates and Meta-Analysis in the Tibetan Plateau
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Rapid defaunation of terrestrial mammals in a protected Neotropical cloud forest remnant
Hoskins, H., McCann, N., Jocqué, M., & Reid, N. (2020) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125861 · Cited by 7

Authors: Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J.
Affiliations: Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
University of Sussex (GB)
Utrecht University (NL)
ORCID: Benítez-López, A.
Alkemade, R.
Schipper, A. M.
Ingram, D. J.
Verweij, P. A.
Eikelboom, J. A. J.
Huijbregts, M. A. J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2017-04-14
Volume: 356
Issue: 6334
Pages: 180-183
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1891
OpenAlex: W2605583228
Semantic Scholar: 47a3f1d848466466f1761bd70a29fd3871091b5e
Cited by: 663
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 10
FWCI: 35.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse (vor, 365 d)
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Sussex
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Keywords: hunting, defaunation, tropical mammals, tropical birds, population decline (ecology), wild meat trade, hunting pressure, protected areas, commercial hunting, biodiversity loss, human accessibility
MeSH terms: Animals, Birds, Human Activities, Mammals, Population Density, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological

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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations

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