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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations
Open accessAbstract
Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation: As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also p. 136
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Wang, Y., Pei, W., Cao, G., Guo, X., & Du, Y. (2021) · Grassland Science · doi:10.1111/grs.12346 · Cited by 15
Broadening the focus of forest conservation beyond carbon
Buřivalová, Z., Yoh, N., Butler, R. A., Sagar, H. S. S. C., & Game, E. T. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.019 · Cited by 20
Martínez-Penados, A. L., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., Morante‐Filho, J. C., Pinel-Ramos, E. J., & Schondube, J. E. (2024) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-024-01919-8 · Cited by 15
“We considered four predictor variables that can be particularly important for birds and other vertebrate groups in complex landscape mosaics (Terborgh 1987; Fahrig 2013; Benítez-López et al. 2017; Lee and Carroll 2018).”
Morelli, F., Leveau, L. M., Mikula, P., MacGregor‐Fors, I., Bocelli, M. L., Quesada-Acuña, S. G., González‐Lagos, C., Gutiérrez‐Tapia, P., Dri, G. F., Delgado-V, C. A., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160534 · Cited by 15
The unique spatial ecology of human hunters
Mysterud, A., Rivrud, I. M., Gundersen, V., Rolandsen, C. M., & Viljugrein, H. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0836-7 · Cited by 15
Brodie, J. F., & Fragoso, J. M. V. (2020) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13612 · Cited by 16
“In many tropical areas, hunting has been unsustainable and has led to widespread game depletion near villages and roads (Benítez-López et al. 2017; Beirne et al. 2019; BenítezLópez et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of water-saving technologies on nitrogen losses in rice fields: A meta-analysis
Gbedourorou, S. K., Tovihoudji, P. G., Zakari, S., Vanclooster, M., & Akponikpè, P. B. I. (2025) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109400 · Cited by 14
Local abundances of terrestrial mammal and bird species around indigenous villages in Suriname
van Kuijk, M., de Jager, M., van Oosterhout, M., Laender, L. D., & Parahoe, M. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12699 · Cited by 14
Hotspots of zoonotic disease risk from wildlife hunting and trade in the tropics
Choo, J., Nghiem, L. T. P., Chng, S., Carrasco, L. R., & Benítez‐López, A. (2023) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.34 · Cited by 14
“Yet, increasing human af fl uence coupled with enhanced accessibility to forests are driving a sharp rise in consumption and trade of wildlife products (Benítez ‐ López et al., 2017; Ingram et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInsecticide activity under changing environmental conditions: a meta-analysis
Li, D., Jiang, K., Wang, X., & Liu, D. (2024) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-024-01766-1 · Cited by 14
“Most meta-analyses on biological data could generate significant residual heterogeneity, so we also tried to account for this with different fixed factors (moderators) (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017; Siviter et al. 2021).”
Mohammadi, A., Almasieh, K., & Vaissi, S. (2024) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102656 · Cited by 15
Denny, S., Englander, G., & Hunnicutt, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2401814121 · Cited by 15
Tripathi, H. G., Mzumara, T. I., Martin, R. O., Parr, C. L., Phiri, C. G., & Ryan, C. M. (2019) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-019-00774-2 · Cited by 14
Walelign, S. Z., Nielsen, M. R., & Jakobsen, J. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00162 · Cited by 16
“However, bushmeat hunting is in many locations unsustainable (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2016a; Benítez-López et al., 2017).”
BackgroundParrot Ownership and Capture in Coastal Ecuador: Developing a Trapping Pressure Index
Biddle, R., Solis-Ponce, I., Jones, M., Pilgrim, M., & Marsden, S. J. (2021) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13010015 · Cited by 14
Consequences of arthropod community structure for an at-risk insectivorous bird
Nell, C. S., Pratt, R. T., Burger, J. C., Preston, K. L., Treseder, K. K., Kamada, D., Moore, K., & Mooney, K. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281081 · Cited by 14
“[3], increased disturbance [[4, 5]; extreme events], behavioral disruption [[6–8]; noise, light, glass] and hunting [[9, 10]; food, pet trade].”
BackgroundApplication of Liquefied Wood Products for Particleboard Manufacturing: a Meta-analysis Review
Janiszewska, D., & Pizzi, A. (2023) · Current Forestry Reports · doi:10.1007/s40725-023-00192-3 · Cited by 14
Trophic cascades help restore vegetation
Villar, N. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adl0578 · Cited by 14
The demographic collapse of hunting in the Iberian Peninsula
Gaspar, M., Acevedo, P., Arrondo, E., García‐Martínez, I., Herrero, J., Pascual‐Rico, R., Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A., & Anadón, J. D. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10770 · Cited by 13
“…noting that, in low-income countries, illegal hunting is carried out by a large proportion of the population (Nuno et al., 2013 ), motivated by bushmeat consumption and trade, which poses a first-order conservation problem (Benítez-López et al., 2017 ; Lindsey et al., 2013; Rija et al., 2020 ).”
Zhang, F., Wang, X., He, H., Wang, H., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, H., et al. (2025) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110061 · Cited by 16
Ma, J., Yin, B., Gao, T., He, K., Huang, X., Jiang, T., & Zhen, W. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15081756 · Cited by 20
Hunting and persecution drive mammal declines in Iran
Yusefi, G. H., Brito, J. C., Soofi, M., & Safi, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22238-5 · Cited by 14
No tillage increases soil microarthropod (Acari and Collembola) abundance at the global scale
Liu, Y., Song, L., Wu, D., Ai, Z., Xu, Q., Sun, X., & Chang, L. (2023) · Soil Ecology Letters · doi:10.1007/s42832-023-0208-0 · Cited by 13
van Velden, J. L., Moyo, B. H. Z., Ross, H., & Biggs, D. (2020) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-11873-250321 · Cited by 13
“Harvesting of animals for human consumption is the largest danger to threatened megafauna (Ripple et al. 2019) and is responsible for species declines worldwide (Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
BackgroundNeto, G. D. S. F., Baccaro, F. B., Spironello, W. R., Benchimol, M., Fleischer, K., Quesada, C. A., Gonçalves, A. L. S., Pequeno, P. A. L., & Barnett, A. P. A. (2021) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.13023 · Cited by 13
Civil War Is Associated with Longer Escape Distances among Sri Lankan Birds
Gnanapragasam, J. J., Ekanayake, K. B., Ranawana, K. B., Symonds, M. R. E., & Weston, M. A. (2021) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/716660 · Cited by 13
“Because there may also be differential responses to war related to body size (e.g., larger birds may be subject to hunting; Benítez-López et al. 2017), we also considered the interaction between bodymass and war zone.”
BackgroundInfluentialdos Reis, Y. M. S., & Benchimol, M. (2023) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2023.03.005 · Cited by 13
“In fact, this continent retains several threatened species, and illegal hunting constitutes the greatest current threat to wild vertebrates in Asia (Harrison et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialIn the post-COVID-19 era, is the illegal wildlife trade the most serious form of trafficking?
Doody, J. S., Reid, J. A., Bilali, K., Diaz, J., & Mattheus, N. M. (2021) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-021-00154-9 · Cited by 14
Blind shots: non‐natural mortality counteracts conservation efforts of a threatened waterbird
Pérez‐García, J. M., Sebastián‐González, E., Rodríguez‐Caro, R. C., Sanz‐Aguilar, A., & Botella, F. (2023) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12906 · Cited by 12
Zoogeochemistry of a protected area: Driven by anthropogenic impacts and animal behavior
Trepel, J., Abraham, A. J., Lundgren, E. J., Ferraro, K. M., Fløjgaard, C., Haugaard, L., Sunde, P., Pedersen, R. Ø., Tietje, M., Kamp, J., et al. (2024) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13107 · Cited by 14
Integrated management to achieve synergy in sugarcane production and quality in China
Liu, H., Wang, Y., Cai, T., He, K., Tian, X., Chen, Z., Yin, Y., & Cui, Z. (2024) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109552 · Cited by 15
Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Liao, Y., Zhang, G., Li, Y., & Han, J. (2025) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109924 · Cited by 13
Henriques, L. M. P., Dantas, S. D. M., Santos, L. B., Bueno, A. S., & Peres, C. A. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11979 · Cited by 12
Animals in Environmental Sociology
Kalof, L., & Whitley, C. T. (2021) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_14 · Cited by 12
Alexiou, I., Abrams, J. F., Coudrat, C. N. Z., Nanthavong, C., Nguyen, A., Niedballa, J., Wilting, A., & Tilker, A. (2022) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00248-0 · Cited by 15
“In recent decades, unsustainable hunting has emerged as one of the main drivers of mammal declines (Harrison 2011; Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
BackgroundPolar Bear Harvest Patterns Across the Circumpolar Arctic
Vongraven, D., Derocher, A. E., Pilfold, N. W., & Yoccoz, N. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.836544 · Cited by 13
“Unsustainable harvest of wildlife is a significant threat to global biodiversity (Weinbaum et al., 2013; Benitez-Lopez et al., 2017) and many large mammal species have been depleted (Pistorius et al.”
BackgroundEvidence of deterrence from patrol data: Trialling application of a differenced‐ CPUE metric
Dancer, A., Keane, A. M., Beale, C. M., Dobson, A. D. M., Amin, R., Freeman, R., Imong, I., Jones, K. E., Linkie, M., Long, B., et al. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12746 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-04-14
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 6334
- Pages
- 180-183
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2605583228
- Semantic Scholar
- 47a3f1d848466466f1761bd70a29fd3871091b5e
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 35.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Sussex
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- hunting, defaunation, tropical mammals, tropical birds, population decline (ecology), wild meat trade, hunting pressure, protected areas, commercial hunting, biodiversity loss, human accessibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Human Activities, Mammals, Population Density, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological
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