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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations

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Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., Huijbregts, M. A. J.·2017·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.aaj1891

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Abstract

Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation: As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also p. 136

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“Forests outside protected areas often host less mammal species and lower abundances than those within protected areas (Benítez-López et al. 2017 ).”
Long-Term Flooding Mitigates the Linkage between Paddy Soil Organic Carbon Sink and Climate Factors
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“This interest of hunters in wildlife management and conservation seems to be universal [69,70], producing positive outcomes [9,13,78,79], although not always [80].”
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How economic choices affect livelihoods in Madagascar's park-adjacent communities and what it means for conservation and development
Borgerson, C., Kling, K. J., Wuchter, A., Elison, P., Paschalis, E. M., Razafindrapaoly, B. N., & Eppley, T. M. (2025) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101357 · Cited by 3
Conservation outcomes of dietary transitions across different values of nature
von Jeetze, P., Weindl, I., Johnson, J. A., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Meyer, T., Humpenöder, F., Sauer, P., Dietrich, J. P., Lotze‐Campen, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-025-01595-9 · Cited by 9
“Changes in habitat quality, for example through management 57 , extraction 58 or pollution by nutrients or pesticides 59 , could not be considered here.”
Habitat Loss and Overexploitation Subordinate Climate Change as the Main Threats to the Southern Three‐Banded Armadillo in the Threatened South American Chaco
Ferreiro, A. M., Romero‐Muñoz, A., Issaly, A. E., Soibelzon, E., Rossi, E., & Chiappero, M. B. (2025) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.70047 · Cited by 3
Collaborative research and the hunting in the Brazilian Cerrado: The case of Xerente Indigenous Land
de Paula, M. J., Xerente, V. S., Silva, A. A. F., Godoy, B. S., & Pezzuti, J. C. B. (2018) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0556 · Cited by 3
Importance of the Oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis) to gatherers’ livelihoods in Guiyang city, China
Dai, C., & Ding, Y. (2022) · Journal of Insects as Food and Feed · doi:10.3920/jiff2021.0200 · Cited by 3
Circadian activity patterns and temporal overlap among cracids (Aves: Cracidae) within a vegetation mosaic in the Pantanal of Rio Negro, Brazil
dos Santos, M. C. R., Silveira, L., Jácomo, A. T. D. A., Alves, G. B., & Ubaid, F. K. (2022) · Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia · doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.011 · Cited by 3
“The elevated risk of extinction faced by cracids – 50% of the species classified as threatened – derives basically from hunting and habitat modification (Brooks & Fuller, 2006; Benítez‐López et al., 2017).”
Background
Hunting in Siberia: Between Subsistence Practices and Natural Resource Management
Владимировна, К. В., Bocharnikov, V. N., Davydov, V. N., Kambalin, V. S., Валериевна, В. Е., & Vashukevich, Y. E. (2022) · Springer geography · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_15 · Cited by 3
To avoid carbon degradation in tropical forests, conserve wildlife
Bennett, E. L., & Robinson, J. G. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002262 · Cited by 3
“80% for spider and woolly monkeys, respectively, in those areas [2].”
Background
Target, tool, tenure and timing: the four T’s limiting the impact of traditional hunting in Indonesian Papua
Pattiselanno, F., Ziembicki, M., Nasi, R., & Krockenberger, A. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2023.1266321 · Cited by 3
Community-based monitoring reveals low anthropogenic pressure on a game vertebrate population in a sustainable-use Amazonian protected area
dos Reis, Y. M. S., & Benchimol, M. (2024) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892924000031 · Cited by 3
Scavenging in the Anthropocene: Human impact drives vertebrate scavenger species richness at a global scale
Sebastián‐González, E., Barbosa, J. M., Pérez-García, J., Morales‐Reyes, Z., Botella, F., Olea, P. P., Mateo‐Tomás, P., Moleón, M., Hiraldo, F., Arrondo, E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12469334.v1 · Cited by 3
Genetic tracing of the white-bellied pangolin’s trade in western central AfricaPreprint
Dipita, A. D., Missoup, A. D., Aguillon, S., Lecompte, É., Momboua, B. R., Chaber, A., Abernethy, K. A., Njiokou, F., Tindo, M., Ntie, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.530129 · Cited by 3
Methodologies for assessing the impact of socioeconomic activities on biodiversity : State of play on biodiversity monitoring, impact assessments, accounting and monetary valuation of biodiversity
Woltjer, G. B., Michels, R., Arets, E. J. M. M., van Baren, S., Jongbloed, R. H., Gürsel, I. V., Piet, G. J., van Alphen, M., & Linderhof, V. G. M. (2024) · doi:10.18174/650815 · Cited by 5
Indebted to Nature: Corporate Biodiversity Endowment and Bond Market ReactionsPreprint
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Analyse des défis de la filière viande de brousse sur la durabilité faunique au Gabon
Sima, A. M. M., Bélanger, L., & Khasa, D. P. (2024) · VertigO · doi:10.4000/1269q · Cited by 2
Seasonal variation in the abundance and density of columbids (Birds: Columbidae) in a region with high hunting pressure
da Silva, C., Ruiz‐Esparza, J., de Azevedo, C. S., & Ribeiro, A. D. S. (2024) · Ciência e Natura · doi:10.5902/2179460x75202 · Cited by 2
“…Nicoll & Norris, 2010; Guillaumet & Russell, 2022) classifies as biotic factors that may influence population dynamics, hunting pressure (Benitez-Lopez et al., 2017), land use and the presence of human settlements (Sekercioglu et al., 2012; Pizo & Tonetti, 2020) are the anthropogenic…”
Background
Ecological Response of Forest Vegetation Communities to Snow Damage: A Meta-Analysis
Fan, Q., Yang, H., Li, P., Duan, Y., Guo, D., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15111989 · Cited by 2
“If the conditions are met, we decompose Q t and choose a mixed-effects model to determine the degree of influence of the explanatory variables on the effect values through the heterogeneity caused by the explanatory variables [61].”
Aspects of the illegal hunting and trade of vultures in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Manqele, N. S., Selier, J., & Downs, C. T. (2024) · Ostrich · doi:10.2989/00306525.2024.2417964 · Cited by 2
Circadian space use but not overall home range is affected by diurnal hunting in a terrestrial bird species where mortality is low
O’Neill, J., Harman, L. A., Holloway, P., Somers, S. E., Hoodless, A. N., & Quinn, J. L. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03805 · Cited by 2
Comparative Analysis of Perceived Threat Threshold from Various Drivers to Cranes Along Indus Flyway, Punjab, Pakistan
Zulfiqar, A., Sun, X.-Y., Wu, Q., Rehman, A., Khan, N., & Khan, M. N. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14091275 · Cited by 2
Benefit of the snout: wild boar rooting disturbance has downstream impacts on species diversity in local vascular plant communities
Augustsson, E., Kjellander, P., Andrén, H., Öckinger, E., & Bhardwaj, M. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127552 · Cited by 2
Gaps in trait data and conservation impediments from the Raunkiæran shortfall in a megadiverse nation
Tanalgo, K. C. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114000 · Cited by 3
Decoupling the food supply from impacts on forest threatened species: rethinking suitable crop areas for food production
Shinoda, Y., Kadoya, T., Takeuchi, Y., & Nansai, K. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108696 · Cited by 1
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Matias, G., Cagnacci, F., Afonso, B. C., Valdez, V., Monteiro, B., Sobral, M., & Rosalino, L. M. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123360 · Cited by 2
Global Warming Amplifies Nitrogen Over Phosphorus Limitation in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Multi‐Trophic Meta‐Analysis
Zhong, M., Xie, P., Feng, Y., Han, W., Du, E., Tian, D., Ma, R., Wang, Y., Jian, Z., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70832 · Cited by 2
“If neither SD nor SE were reported, we estimated the missing SD using the “impute_SD” function from the R package metagear (Benítez-López et al. 2017; Bracken 1992).”
Pollination and dispersal networks in the Amazonian tree flora
ter Steege, H., Ballarin, C. S., Pinto, C. E., Valadão‐Mendes, L. B., Stevenson, P., Correa, D. F., Giannini, T. C., Gomes, V. H. F., McGlone, M. S., & de Lima, R. A. F. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09896-1 · Cited by 2
“…for both key reproductive stages underscores a critical vulnerability: the ongoing defaunation in the Amazon — driven by habitat fragmentation, overhunting, infrastructure expansion, and climate change — may disrupt plant – animal mutualisms with consequences at multiple trophic levels 61,97,98 .”
MAMÍFEROS REGISTRADOS CON CÁMARAS TRAMPA EN LA ZONA DE USO TURÍSTICO DE LA RESERVA NACIONAL ALLPAHUAYO-MISHANA, LORETO, PERÚ
Cossíos, E. D., Eddy, D. I. A. Z., & PIZANGO, F. (2022) · Folia Amazónica · doi:10.24841/fa.v31i1.564 · Cited by 2
Ensamble de mamíferos medianos y grandes del Parque Natural Provincial “Islas y Canales Verdes del Río Uruguay”, Entre Ríos, Argentina: diversidad, uso del espacio, patrones temporales, y desafíos para su conservación
Gatica, A., Ochoa, A. C., Maroli, M., Cuenca, F., Cuenca, B., Tabuenca, M. A., & Vinassa, M. L. G. (2024) · Acta Zoológica Lilloana · doi:10.30550/j.azl/1867 · Cited by 2
Changes in tropical terrestrial vertebrate communities along two anthropogenic gradients: Forest degradation and accessibility
Wong, S. T., Mohamed, A., Mathai, J., Niedballa, J., Kissing, J., Lagan, P., Hastie, A. Y. L., Wilting, A., & Sollmann, R. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13320 · Cited by 4
“The conditions in our study sites, therefore, do not re - flect the hunting pressure that exists in other parts of Southeast Asia (Gray et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of Co-exposure to Additional Substances on the Bioconcentration of Per(poly)fluoroalkyl Substances: A Meta-Analysis Based on Hydroponic Experimental Evidence
Chen, Z., & Hua, Z. (2024) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-024-01087-5 · Cited by 2
“Considering the presence of variability between each case and the interference of variability in model organism species, data sources, and focal tissue on the values, a hierarchical meta-analysis model (HMM) was selected for meta-analysis in this study (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017).”
A diet perspective on the impact of the COVID ‐19 lockdown on urban bird assemblages
Woszczyło, P. K., Mikula, P., Jankowiak, Ł., Ondrejková, A., & Tryjanowski, P. (2024) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13372 · Cited by 2
Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
Mitchell, D. V., Woloszynek, S., Mitchell, M. W., Cronin, D. T., Zhao, Z., ROSEN, G. L., O’Connor, M. P., Meñe, M. F., & Gonder, M. K. (2024) · PLOS Sustainability and Transformation · doi:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000139 · Cited by 2
Slipping through the cracks: A systematic assessment of CITES-overlooked tropical mammals threatened by hunting and wildlife trade
Tow, J. H., Choo, J., Benítez‐López, A., & Carrasco, L. R. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111121 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
A national assessment of waterbird hunting in coastal wetlands of Suriname, South America
Mizrahi, D. S., Spaans, A. L., Spaans-Scheen, M. J., Cox, A. R., Laliberté, B., Gallo‐Cajiao, E., & Roy, C. (2026) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.70273 · Cited by 2
“…increased pressure on the environment during the second phase of the Anthropocene (i.e., the Great Acceleration), the exploitation of some species may have contributed to population declines, and in some cases, extinction (Benitez-Lopez et al., 2017; Cornford et al., 2023; Steffen et al., 2011).”
Influência do entorno de uma unidade de conservação sobre a pressão de caça: RPPN Estação Veracel como estudo de caso
dos Santos, G. P., Perilli, M. L. L., Cullen, L., Pádua, C. V., & Uezu, A. (2018) · Biodiversidade Brasileira · doi:10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v8i2.771 · Cited by 2
“…indicativo da disponibilidade de presas (Foerster et al. 2012) e a proximidade de povoamentos humanos pode representar uma maior demanda do consumo e comercialização de recursos da biodiversidade (Benítez-López et al. 2017, B. J. S. Brashares et al. 2010, Foerster et al. 2012, Mgawe et al. 2012).”
Influential
Monitoramento participativo de caça de subsistência da Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns (PA): caminhos para uma participação social efetiva
Chiaravalloti, R. M., Benchimol, M., Reis, Y. S., Jenkins, C. N., Lemos, P., Prado, F., Pádua, C. V., Tenório, S., de Tófoli, C. F., Spínola, J. N., et al. (2018) · Biodiversidade Brasileira · doi:10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v8i2.765 · Cited by 2
Accessibility do not explain abundance of medium and large-sized mammals in Terra Do Meio, Altamira, Pará, Brazil
de Andrade, R. P., Salm, R. A., de França, I. F., & Hernández-Ruz, E. J. (2019) · ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N S ) · doi:10.21829/azm.2019.3501219 · Cited by 2
Incidental records of mammals from Leguízamo, Putumayo, Amazon region at the southern border of Colombia
Acevedo-Charry, O. A., Henao-Rodríguez, M. P., & Morales-Martínez, D. M. (2018) · Mammalogy Notes · doi:10.47603/manovol4n2.34-37 · Cited by 2
Ecological knowledge and value of traded species: Local awareness of native turtles in Hainan, China
Ma, H., Papworth, S., Ge, T., Wu, X., Yu, C., Zhang, H., Xiao, F., Gaillard, D. L., Bielby, J., & Turvey, S. T. (2023) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12867 · Cited by 2
Multidecadal Ethnoarchaeological Comparisons of Livelihoods and Wild Meat Availability and Consumption in a Central African Rainforest Foraging and Farming Community
Schmitt, D. N., Lupo, K. D., Edwards, N. M., & Nguerede, L. P. (2024) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-024-00519-z · Cited by 2
“…in biodiversity and mammal abundances, especially blue duikers, indicate that current hunting strategies, and those of the recent past, are not sustainable (Barnes, 2002; Benitez-Lopez et al., 2017; Fa & Brown, 2009; Ingram et al., 2021; Noss, 1998b; Thibault & Blaney, 2003; Wilkie et al., 2011).”
Anthropogenic perturbation modifies interactions between mammals and fruits in a tropical forest of southern Mexico
Zamora-Espinoza, M. E., López‐Acosta, J. C., & Mendoza, E. (2021) · Animal Biology · doi:10.1163/15707563-bja10056 · Cited by 2
Illegal and Exploitative Sand-Digging Activities Could Be Managed to Create Suitable Nesting Habitats for Blue-Tailed Bee-Eaters (Merops philippinus)
Yang, C.-C., Lu, G., Cai, T., Yao, X.-G., & Cai, Y. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13061112 · Cited by 1
“In the tropics, the abundance of birds and mammals, respectively, was found to be 58% and 83% lower in hunting areas than that in non-hunting areas [3].”
Background
Potential habitats and historical distribution changes of three species of musk deer in China under habitat fragmentation
Fan, S., Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Rao, H., Krzton, A., Li, D.-Z., & Xia, W. (2025) · Endangered Species Research · doi:10.3354/esr01393 · Cited by 1
Biodiversity, function, and change of the tropical rainforests of Borneo
Mannion, N. L. M., Braunholtz, L., Pfeifer, M., & Puttick, R. G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36569-0.00032-x · Cited by 1
Agricultural Lands as Important Wintering Habitats for the Critically Endangered Yellow‐Breasted Bunting in Nepal
Katuwal, H. B., Bhusal, K. P., Joshi, A. B., Rana, D. B., Shrestha, M. B., Rokka, P., & Quan, R. (2025) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.70021 · Cited by 1

Authors: Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J.
Affiliations: Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
University of Sussex (GB)
Utrecht University (NL)
ORCID: Benítez-López, A.
Alkemade, R.
Schipper, A. M.
Ingram, D. J.
Verweij, P. A.
Eikelboom, J. A. J.
Huijbregts, M. A. J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2017-04-14
Volume: 356
Issue: 6334
Pages: 180-183
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1891
OpenAlex: W2605583228
Semantic Scholar: 47a3f1d848466466f1761bd70a29fd3871091b5e
Cited by: 663
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 10
FWCI: 35.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse (vor, 365 d)
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Sussex
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Keywords: hunting, defaunation, tropical mammals, tropical birds, population decline (ecology), wild meat trade, hunting pressure, protected areas, commercial hunting, biodiversity loss, human accessibility
MeSH terms: Animals, Birds, Human Activities, Mammals, Population Density, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological

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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations

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