Recurrent infection progressively disables host protection against intestinal inflammation
Open accessAbstract
Minor infections cause big problems Pathogenic infection has been implicated in the chronic inflammation seen in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Yang et al. show that recurrent, low-level, and fully resolving Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) infections can precipitate severe colonic inflammation in mice. ST-induced TLR4 activation resulted in increased neuraminidase 3 (Neu3) production and activity in the duodenum. This led to intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) desialylation and degradation. IAP deficiency caused a marked increase in commensal bacteria-generated lipopolysaccharide-phosphate in the colon, provoking inflammation. Treatment with calf IAP or the antiviral drug zanamivir (which inhibits Neu3 activity) prevented this inflammatory cascade. This pathway may serve as an effective target for future human IBD therapies. Science , this issue p. eaao5610
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Repeated Salmonella enterica infection in C57BL/6J mice caused intestinal inflammation and gradually impaired protective mechanisms by inducing endogenous neuraminidase, which lowered intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels and its protective effects.
“In C57BL/6J mice, recurrent infection with Salmonella enterica promoted intestinal inflammation and progressively disabled protective mechanisms, inducing endogenous neuraminidase activity to reduce the abundance and protective effects of intestinal alkaline phosphatase.179”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [179]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—Major pathogens
Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R. M., Angulo, F. J., Tauxe, R. V., Widdowson, M.-A., Roy, S. L., Jones, J. L., & Griffin, P. M. (2011) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1701.p11101 · Cited by 7,657 · see citing works
Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in <i>Tlr4</i> Gene
Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M.-Y., Huffel, C. V., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085 · Cited by 7,631 · see citing works
Glycosylation in Cellular Mechanisms of Health and Disease
Ohtsubo, K., & Marth, J. D. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.019 · Cited by 2,765 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Khor, B., Gardet, A., & Xavier, R. J. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10209 · Cited by 2,630 · see citing works
The Global Burden of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis
Majowicz, S. E., Musto, J., Scallan, E., Angulo, F. J., Kirk, M., O’Brien, S. J., Jones, T. F., Fazil, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/650733 · Cited by 2,465 · see citing works
Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease
Kamada, N., Seo, S.-U., Chen, G. Y., & Núñez, G. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3430 · Cited by 2,256 · see citing works
Siglecs and their roles in the immune system
Crocker, P. R., Paulson, J. C., & Varki, A. P. (2007) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2056 · Cited by 2,032 · see citing works
Kaser, A., Zeissig, S., & Blumberg, R. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101225 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Abreu, M. T. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2707 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Influenza
Moscona, A. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra050740 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa
Feasey, N., Dougan, G., Kingsley, R. A., Heyderman, R. S., & Gordon, M. A. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Crim, S. R., Iwamoto, M., Huang, J. Y., Griffin, P. M., Gilliss, D., Cronquist, A., Ml, C., Tobin‐D’Angelo, M., Blythe, D., Smith, K., et al. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6917a1 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Zaki, M. H., Boyd, K. L., Vogel, P., Kastan, M. B., Lamkanfi, M., & Kanneganti, T.-D. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.003 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Bates, J. M., Akerlund, J., Mittge, E., & Guillemin, K. J. (2007) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.10.010 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
War and peace at mucosal surfaces
Sansonetti, P. J. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1499 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Multifarious roles of sialic acids in immunity
Varki, A. P., & Gagneux, P. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06517.x · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Leaphart, C. L., Cavallo, J. A., Gribar, S. C., Çetin, S., Li, J., Branca, M. F., Dubowski, T. D., Sodhi, C. P., & Hackam, D. J. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4808 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Advances in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: linking host genetics and the microbiome
Knights, D., Lassen, K. G., & Xavier, R. J. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303954 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Ohtsubo, K., Takamatsu, S., Minowa, M. T., Yoshida, A., Takeuchi, M., & Marth, J. D. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.041 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citationGalectins: regulators of acute and chronic inflammation
Liu, F., & Rabinovich, G. A. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05131.x · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a gut mucosal defense factor maintained by enteral nutrition
Goldberg, R. F., Austen, W., Zhang, X.-B., Munene, G., Mostafa, G., Biswas, S., McCormack, M., Eberlin, K., Nguyen, J. T., Tatlıdede, H. S., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712140105 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Loss of intestinal core 1–derived O-glycans causes spontaneous colitis in mice
Fu, J., Wei, B., Wen, T., Johansson, M. E. V., Liu, X., Bradford, E., Thomsson, K. A., McGee, S., Mansour, L., Tong, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci45538 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Host–Pathogen Interaction in Invasive Salmonellosis
de Jong, H. K., Parry, C. M., van der Poll, T., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002933 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Role of the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases
Nagalingam, N. A., & Lynch, S. V. (2012) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21866 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Ma, W., Lim, W., Gee, K., Aucoin, S., Nandan, D., Kozlowski, M., Díaz‐Mitoma, F., & Kumar, A. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m011157200 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Weinhold, B., Seidenfaden, R., Röckle, I., Mühlenhoff, M., Schertzinger, F., Conzelmann, S., Marth, J. D., Gerardy-Schahn, R., & Hildebrandt, H. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m511097200 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationFigueroa‐Bossi, N., Uzzau, S., Maloriol, D., & Bossi, L. (2001) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02234.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Pathway to diabetes through attenuation of pancreatic beta cell glycosylation and glucose transport
Ohtsubo, K., Chen, M. Z., Olefsky, J. M., & Marth, J. D. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2414 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationSialic acid catabolism drives intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis in mice
Huang, Y., Chassard, C., Hausmann, M., von Itzstein, M., & Hennet, T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9141 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Kakugawa, Y., Wada, T., Yamaguchi, K., Yamanami, H., Ouchi, K., Sato, I., & Miyagi, T. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152597199 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Endotoxin, Toll-like receptor 4, and the afferent limb of innate immunity
Beutler, B. (2000) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(99)00046-6 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Gene-specific control of the TLR-induced inflammatory response
Foster, S. L., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2008) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.015 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Monti, E., Bonten, E. J., d’Azzo, A., Bresciani, R., Venerando, B., Borsani, G., Schauer, R., & Tettamanti, G. (2010) · Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2318(10)64007-3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Ellies, L. G., Ditto, D., Levy, G. G., Wahrenbrock, M. G., Ginsburg, D., Varki, A. P., Le, D. T., & Marth, J. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.142005099 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationAccelerated Fat Absorption in Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Knockout Mice
Narisawa, S., Huang, L., Iwasaki, A., Hasegawa, H., Alpers, D., & Millán, J. L. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.21.7525-7530.2003 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Manco, S., Hernon, F., Yeşilkaya, H., Paton, J. C., Andrew, P. W., & Kadioglu, A. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01237-05 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Lee, C., & Tsai, C.-M. (1999) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1998.2961 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Koyama, I., Matsunaga, T., Harada, T., Hokari, S., & Komoda, T. (2002) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00330-2 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Limited Inhibitory Effects of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir on Human Sialidases
Hata, K., Koseki, K., Yamaguchi, K., Moriya, S., Suzuki, Y., Yingsakmongkon, S., Hirai, G., Sodeoka, M., von Itzstein, M., & Miyagi, T. (2008) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00344-08 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Role of alkaline phosphatase in colitis in man and rats
Tuin, A. M., Poelstra, K., de Jager-Krikken, A., et al. (2008) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2007.128868 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Michael R. Davis, Jr., & Goldberg, J. B. (2012) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/3916 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
A physiologic function for alkaline phosphatase: endotoxin detoxification.
Poelstra, K., Bakker, W. W., Klok, P. A., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cloning, Expression, and Chromosomal Mapping of a Human Ganglioside Sialidase
Wada, T., Yoshikawa, Y., Tokuyama, S., Kuwabara, M., Akita, H. D., & Miyagi, T. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0973 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Dheer, R., Santaolalla, R., Davies, J. M., Lang, J. K., Phillips, M. C., Pastorini, C., Vazquez-Pertejo, M. T., & Abreu, M. T. (2016) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01374-15 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sialyltransferase specificity in selectin ligand formation
Ellies, L. G., Sperandio, M., Underhill, G. H., Yousif, J., Smith, M. L., Priatel, J. J., Kansas, G. S., Ley, K. F., & Marth, J. D. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1007 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationHinnebusch, B. F., Siddique, A., Henderson, J. W., Malo, M. S., Zhang, W., Athaide, C. P., Abedrapo, M. A., Chen, X., Yang, V. W., & Hodin, R. A. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Milk sialyllactose influences colitis in mice through selective intestinal bacterial colonization
Fuhrer, A. C., Sprenger, N., Kurakevich, E., Borsig, L., Chassard, C., & Hennet, T. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20101098 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Eckmann, L. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1326.008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
An intrinsic mechanism of secreted protein aging and turnover
Yang, W. H., Aziz, P. V., Heithoff, D. M., Mahan, M. J., Smith, J. W., & Marth, J. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515464112 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics in twins with Crohnʼs disease: Less pronounced than previously believed?
Halfvarson, J. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21295 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Lukáš, M., Drastich, P., Konečný, M., et al. (2009) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21161 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase has beneficial effects in mouse models of chronic colitis
Ramasamy, S., Nguyen, D. D., Eston, M. A., Alam, S. N., Kuhnen, A. H., Ebrahimi, F., Biswas, B., Mostafa, G., Chen, K. T., Kaliannan, K., et al. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21377 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
LPS-induced cytokine production in human dendritic cells is regulated by sialidase activity
Stamatos, N. M., Carubelli, I., van de Vlekkert, D., Bonten, E. J., Papini, N., Feng, C., Venerando, B., d’Azzo, A., Cross, A. S., Wang, L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1209776 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Kamdar, K., Khakpour, S., Chen, J., Leone, V., Brulc, J. M., Mangatu, T., Antonopoulos, D. A., Chang, E. B., Kahn, S. A., Kirschner, B. S., et al. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Coordinated roles of ST3Gal-VI and ST3Gal-IV sialyltransferases in the synthesis of selectin ligands
Yang, W. H., Nußbaum, C., Grewal, P. K., Marth, J. D., & Sperandio, M. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2012-04-424366 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationKawamura, S., Sato, I., Wada, T., Yamaguchi, K., Li, Y., LI, D., Zhao, X., Ueno, S., Aoki, H., Tochigi, T., et al. (2011) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2011.83 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Grewal, P. K., Boton, M., Ramirez, K., Collins, B. E., Saito, A., Green, R. S., Ohtsubo, K., Chui, D., & Marth, J. D. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00308-06 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationIntraspecies Variation in the Emergence of Hyperinfectious Bacterial Strains in Nature
Heithoff, D. M., Shimp, W. R., House, J. K., Xie, Y., Weimer, B. C., Sinsheimer, R. L., & Mahan, M. J. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002647 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationIntestinal alkaline phosphatase in the colonic mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Molnár, K., Vannay, Á., Szebeni, B., Bánki, N. F., Sziksz, E., Cseh, Á., Győrffy, H., Lakatos, P. L., Papp, M., Arató, A., et al. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3254 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Prevents Antibiotic-Induced Susceptibility to Enteric Pathogens
Alam, S. N., Yammine, H., Moaven, O., et al. (2013) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e31828fae14 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Yamaguchi, K., Shiozaki, K., Moriya, S., Koseki, K., Wada, T., Tateno, H., Sato, I., Asano, M., Iwakura, Y., & Miyagi, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041132 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mozzi, A., Forcella, M. E., Riva, A., Difrancesco, C., Molinari, F., Martin, V., Papini, N., Bernasconi, B., Nonnis, S., Tedeschi, G., et al. (2015) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwv026 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Carl, V. S., Gautam, J., Comeau, L., et al. (2004) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1003526 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Huhta, H. I., Helminen, O., Kauppila, J. H., Salo, T. A., Porvari, K., Saarnio, J., Lehenkari, P. P., & Karttunen, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/0022155416656154 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is secreted bidirectionally from villous enterocytes
Sussman, N., Eliakim, R., Rubin, D. C., et al. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.1.g14 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dolowschiak, T., Müller‐Hauser, A. A., Pisan, L. J., Feigelman, R., Felmy, B., Sellin, M. E., Namineni, S., Nguyen, B. D., Wotzka, S. Y., Heikenwälder, M. F., et al. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.06.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ndfip1-deficient mice have impaired DMT1 regulation and iron homeostasis
Foot, N. J., Leong, Y. A., Dorstyn, L., Dalton, H. E., Ho, K., Zhao, L., Garrick, M. D., Yang, B., Hiwase, D., & Kumar, S. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-295287 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Seasonal variation of enteric infections and inflammatory bowel disease
Sonnenberg, A. (2008) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.20408 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Miklavcic, J. J., Hart, T. D., Lees, G. M., et al. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i35.10080 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Regulation of plasma-membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 gene by Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors
Yamaguchi, K., Koseki, K., Shiozaki, M., Shimada, Y., Wada, T., & Miyagi, T. (2010) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20100350 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
ChemInform Abstract: Sialidases in Biological Systems
Schwerdtfeger, S. M., & Melzig, M. (2010) · ChemInform · doi:10.1002/chin.201047267 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [40]Schwerdtfeger SM Melzig MF Sialidases in biological systems Pharmazie 65 551 561 2010 20824954
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Song, M., Chan, A. T., & Sun, J. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.048 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Fish-Oil Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Lok, C. E., Farkouh, M., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Moist, L. M., Polkinghorne, K. R., Tomlinson, G., Tam, P., Tonelli, M., & Udell, J. A. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2513032 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yang, W. H., Heithoff, D. M., Aziz, P. V., Sperandio, M., Nizet, V., Mahan, M. J., & Marth, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Institut für Chirurgische Forschung (DE)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marth, Jamey D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-12-22
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 6370
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5824721
- OpenAlex
- W2777913435
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (award358105, HL131474, award358106, HL125352, award358107, DK048247)
- German Research Foundation (award343603, SFB914)
- Wille Family Foundation (award343602)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Salmonella typhimurium, recurrent infections, intestinal inflammation, TLR4, commensal bacteria, zanamivir, host defense
- MeSH terms
- beta-Galactoside alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Animals, Colon, Enzyme Inhibitors, Lipopolysaccharides, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuraminidase, Recurrence, Salmonella Food Poisoning, Salmonella typhimurium, Sialyltransferases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Mice, Zanamivir
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review