The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 107 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health
Open accessAbstract
Diet affects multiple facets of human health and is inextricably linked to chronic metabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Dietary nutrients are essential not only for human health but also for the health and survival of the trillions of microbes that reside within the human intestines. Diet is a key component of the relationship between humans and their microbial residents; gut microbes use ingested nutrients for fundamental biological processes, and the metabolic outputs of those processes may have important impacts on human physiology. Studies in humans and animal models are beginning to unravel the underpinnings of this relationship, and increasing evidence suggests that it may underlie some of the broader effects of diet on human health and disease.
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In the paper
“markers of microbial stability, such as richness and diversity, are often used as indicators of gut health because of their inverse association with chronic disease and metabolic dysfunction (2).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cotillard A, Nature 500, 585– 588 (2013). 23985875 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another consequence of MAC restriction is a reduction in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Short-chain fatty acids are the primary end products of bacterial fermentation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diets high in MACs alter microbiota composition in humans within days or weeks (10, 11).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Walker CLF, Lancet 381, 1405– 1416 (2013). 23582727 PMC7159282
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [11] Maier TV, MBio 8, e01343– 17 (2017).29042495 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“prebiotics may be selectively used by bacteria other than Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, provided the net effects on host health are beneficial.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] Gibson GR, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 14, 491– 502 (2017). 28611480
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Simple CHO such as sucrose, both alone and as part of a Western-style high-fat high-sugar diet, cause rapid microbiota remodeling and metabolic dysfunction in experimental animals (5, 6).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] Collins KH, Sci. Rep 6, 37278 (2016). 27853291 PMC5112513
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6] Mastrocola R, J. Nutr. Biochem 55, 185– 199 (2018). 29539590
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the important effect that diet-induced changes in microbial structure have on human physiology and disease processes.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“candidate prebiotic substrates now include nonpolysaccharide dietary components such as polyunsaturated fats, conjugated linoleic acid, and phytochemicals/phenolics (24, 25).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] Gibson GR, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 14, 491– 502 (2017). 28611480
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [25] Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P, Eur. J. Nutr 54, 325– 341 (2015). 25672526 PMC4365176
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that restricting oligosaccharides and other fermentable sugars [a low-FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet] alleviates symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (23).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG, Gastroenterology 146, 67– 75.e5 (2014). 24076059
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“therapeutic efficacy of these prebiotics in treating gastrointestinal conditions is variable (22).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Bridgette W, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 32, 64– 68 (2017).
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“energy balance status of an individual may determine whether the beneficial effects of SCFA signaling on metabolism outweigh the additional calories harvested (18).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] den Besten G, J. Lipid Res 54, 2325– 2340 (2013). 23821742 PMC3735932
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“obese humans and genetically obese mice display increased fecal and caecal concentrations of SCFA (17), suggesting that they may contribute to enhanced energy harvest.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Turnbaugh PJ, Nature 444, 1027– 1031 (2006). 17183312 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over-grazing of the mucus layer by these species may be an important consequence of MAC restriction, as chronic foraging has been shown to compromise barrier integrity and enhance inflammation and pathogen susceptibility in animal studies (12, 13).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Earle KA, Cell Host Microbe 18, 478– 488 (2015). 26439864 PMC4628835
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [13] Desai MS, Cell 167, 1339– 1353.e21 (2016). 27863247 PMC5131798 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“changes to host dietary patterns alter bacterial metabolism and favor species most suited to use consumed fuel sources.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Gut microbes use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.
In the paper
“Transient diet-induced alterations occur independently of body weight and adiposity and are detectable in humans within 24 to 48 hours after dietary manipulation (4).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] David LA, Nature 505, 559– 563 (2014). 24336217 PMC3957428 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“These canonical prebiotics, primarily fructo- and galactooligosaccharides of varying chain lengths, have been shown to alter members of the human gut microbiota and modulate inflammation and markers of metabolic syndrome (20, 21).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Vulevic J, Juric A, Tzortzis G, Gibson GR, J. Nutr 143, 324– 331 (2013). 23303873
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21] Dehghan P, Pourghassem Gargari B, Asghari Jafar-abadi M, Nutrition 30, 418– 423 (2014). 24332524
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SCFAs signal via the central nervous system and several G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate a range of physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and suppression of inflammatory signals (14, 15).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] Samuel BS, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 105, 16767– 16772 (2008). 18931303 PMC2569967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [15] De Vadder F, Cell 156, 84– 96 (2014). 24412651 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Two SCFAs, butyrate and propionate, also act as histone deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting that they can epigenetically influence host gene expression (16).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16] Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Busch C, Schrenk D, J. Nutr. Biochem 19, 587– 593 (2008). 18061431
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mice fed a diet low in MACs experience decreases in numerous taxa, and loss of diversity is compounded over several generations of offspring and not recovered after reintroduction of MACs (7, 9).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Sonnenburg ED, Nature 529, 212– 215 (2016). 26762459 PMC4850918 source
- Not matchedcites [9] Schnorr SL, Nat. Commun 5, 3654 (2014). 24736369 PMC3996546
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, decreased SCFA production and increased mucus foraging represent two microbiota-dependent consequences of low MAC intake”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the gut microbiota helps regulate bile acid composition, abundance, and signaling, and this regulation may have important implications not only for lipid digestion and absorption but also for the development and prevention of metabolic disease.”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The metabolic protection in GF mice may be due to enhanced fat oxidation or reduced absorption in the small intestine (29).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] El Aidy S, Hooiveld G, Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F, Kleerebezem M, Gut Microbes 4, 118– 124 (2013). 23333858 PMC3595071
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Increases in circulating LPS have been reported in humans after a high-fat meal, with exacerbated effects in obese individuals (33).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33] Vors C, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 100, 3427– 3435 (2015). 26151336
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the diets are commonly adopted for weight loss and have been shown to enhance longevity and reduce disease onset in experimental animals (59)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Ketogenic diet
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Roberts MN, Cell Metab. 26, 539– 546.e5 (2017). 28877457 PMC5609489
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Germ-free (GF) mice are protected from the metabolic consequences of high-fat diets, suggesting that gut microbes may be important mediators of lipid-induced metabolic dysfunction (28).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Rabot S, FASEB J. 24, 4948– 4959 (2010). 20724524 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“progress in this area has been hindered by the inability of available assays to distinguish between stimulatory and non-stimulatory LPS, as well as by circulating inhibitors that reduce accuracy of LPS quantification (35).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35] Munford RS, J. Leukoc. Biol 100, 687– 698 (2016). 27418356 PMC5014740
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes were observed in mice resistant to weight gain, implying a direct effect of dietary lipids on the microbiota (26, 27).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hildebrandt MA, Gastroenterology 137, 1716– 24.e1, 2 (2009). 19706296 PMC2770164 source
- Not matchedcites [27] Ramos-Romero S, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 314, E552– E563 (2018). 29351480
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“not all studies have found that GF mice are protected from the metabolic consequences of high-fat feeding, and the cholesterol content of the diet may be an important determining factor (30).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30] Kübeck R, Mol. Metab 5, 1162– 1174 (2016). 27900259 PMC5123202
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“indolepropionic acid, a microbial metabolite of tryptophan, maintains intestinal homeostasis and protects from experimental colitis (43).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Alexeev EE, Am. J. Pathol 188, 1183– 1194 (2018). 29454749 PMC5906738 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“bile acids act as dynamic signaling molecules via the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein–coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). Like SCFAs, bile acids have been shown to regulate energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and innate immunity (40).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] Thomas C, Cell Metab. 10, 167– 177 (2009). 19723493 PMC2739652
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“TMAO is predictive of cardiovascular events in various populations (45) and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease (46).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary protein
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45] Tang WH, N. Engl. J. Med 368, 1575– 1584 (2013). 23614584 PMC3701945
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46] Dumas M-E, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 103, 12511– 12516 (2006). 16895997 PMC1567909
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These metabolic disturbances were accompanied by reductions in phylogenetic diversity in the saturated fat–fed mice, and receipt of transplanted microbiota from mice fed fish oil abrogated saturated fat–induced inflammation (31).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Martinez-Guryn K, Cell Host Microbe 23, 458– 469.e5 (2018). 29649441 PMC5912695
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zinc deficiency, which is a strong risk factor for potentially fatal childhood diarrhea in developing countries, enhances populations of pathogenic bacteria (51).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Micronutrients
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] Lopez CA, Skaar EP, Cell Host Microbe 23, 737– 748 (2018). 29902439 PMC6007885
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“these studies were conducted in small cohorts with specific metabolic conditions (60, 61), limiting generalization to larger populations”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Ketogenic diet
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] Swidsinski A, Front. Microbiol 8, 1141 (2017). 28702003 PMC5488402
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [61] Tagliabue A, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 17, 33– 37 (2017). 28361745
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Human breastmilk transmits lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, to protect the undeveloped infant gut from pathogen colonization, and iron supplementation in infants can increase pathogen growth and intestinal inflammation (52).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Micronutrients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Jaeggi T, Gut 64, 731– 742 (2015). 25143342 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth.
In the paper
“Once in circulation, LPS elicits a potent inflammatory response via Toll-like 4 receptor signaling, which has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease (34).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Cani PD, Diabetes 56, 1761– 1772 (2007). 17456850 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The B vitamins, for example, can be synthesized by more than 100 bacterial species, and analysis of the synthesis pathways involved suggests that bacteria cooperatively exchange B vitamins to ensure survival (48).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Micronutrients
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] Magnúsdóttir S, Ravcheev D, de Crécy-Lagard V, Thiele I, Front. Genet 6, 148 (2015). 25941533 PMC4403557
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NNS represent a broad class of substances with tremendous structural and functional diversity. Thus, the physiological effects of a particular NNS should not be generalized”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Food additives
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The microbiota was both required and sufficient for these effects as GF mice were protected from detrimental consequences, and microbiota transfer from emulsifier-treated mice was sufficient to recapitulate the metabolic derangements (55).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Food additives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Chassaing B, Nature 519, 92– 96 (2015). 25731162 PMC4910713 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although circulating LPS has been reported in obese individuals and correlates with markers of metabolic disease, a direct causal role in human disease has not been examined (36).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36] Kallio KA, Acta Diabetol. 52, 395– 404 (2015). 25326898
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“phenols, indoles, and amines can combine with nitric oxide to form genotoxic N-nitroso compounds that are associated with gastrointestinal cancers in human populations (42).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Zhu Y, Br. J. Nutr 111, 1109– 1117 (2014). 24160559 PMC4339287 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Microbes in the small intestine were recently found to be highly susceptible to fat load and essential for lipid digestion and absorption (17).”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Nutrients > Dietary fats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Turnbaugh PJ, Nature 444, 1027– 1031 (2006). 17183312 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“closer adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with lower ratios of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes and higher fecal SCFA detection (73)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Mediterranean diet
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73] Garcia-Mantrana I, Selma-Royo M, Alcantara C, Collado MC, Front. Microbiol 9, 890 (2018). 29867803 PMC5949328
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A study supporting the use of a similar diet was recently retracted from the journal PLOS ONE because of several issues, including the absence of a control group, inadequate description of methods, and lack of microbiota analysis (75)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Microbiota-targeted diets
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75] Lawrence K, Hyde J, PLOS ONE 12, e0179017 (2017). 28614379 PMC5470704
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that acetic acid, a metabolic by-product of fermentation, suppresses appetite and reduces postprandial insulin response and glucose excursions (79)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Microbiota-targeted diets
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79] Östman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr 59, 983– 988 (2005). 16015276
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“following a Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of all-cause mortality and multiple chronic diseases (64, 70)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Mediterranean diet
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] Salas-Salvadó J, Ann. Intern. Med 160, 1– 10 (2014). 24573661
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [70] Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 92, 1189– 1196 (2010). 20810976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“it is difficult to ascribe these microbiota and health benefits to lower CHO intake by itself because the Hadza diet is rich in plant-derived MACs, and their microbiota contains a high abundance of CHO-metabolizing bacteria (63)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Paleolithic diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Smits SA, Science 357, 802– 806 (2017). 28839072 PMC5891123 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“vegan/vegetarian diets are associated with positive health outcomes and reduced disease risk (64)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Vegan/vegetarian diets
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] Salas-Salvadó J, Ann. Intern. Med 160, 1– 10 (2014). 24573661
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some intervention and cross-sectional studies have observed only modest microbiota differences between omnivores and vegetarians and suggest that the effects of dietary pattern on the microbiota are greatest at the genus and species level and relatively minimal on broader compositional features, such as diversity and richness (65–67)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Vegan/vegetarian diets
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65] Zhang C, Front. Immunol 9, 908 (2018). 29755475 PMC5934425
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [66] Losasso C, Front. Microbiol 9, 317 (2018). 29556222 PMC5844980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [67] Wu GD, Gut 65, 63– 72 (2016). 25431456 PMC4583329 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“existing data indicate that the Mediterranean diet elicits favorable microbiota profiles and metabolite production, with microbial diversity paralleling levels of dietary adherence (71–73)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Dietary patterns > Mediterranean diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] De Filippis F, Gut 65, 1812– 1821 (2016). 26416813 source
- Not matchedcites [72] Pastori D, J. Am. Heart Assoc 6, e005784 (2017).28584074
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] Garcia-Mantrana I, Selma-Royo M, Alcantara C, Collado MC, Front. Microbiol 9, 890 (2018). 29867803 PMC5949328
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The recently proposed “Anna Karenina hypothesis” suggests that dysbiosis is not a definitive pattern but rather the loss of microbiota stability, resulting in dispersion from the norm (84)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Perspectives and future directions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84] Zaneveld JR, McMinds R, Vega Thurber R, Nat. Microbiol 2, 17121 (2017). 28836573
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the Integrated Human Microbiome Project was recently launched to functionally characterize human cohorts in various life stages and at the onset of specific disease states (85)”
§ The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health > Perspectives and future directions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85] Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium, Cell Host Microbe 16, 276– 289 (2014). 25211071 PMC5109542
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Gut microbes use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.
“gut microbes, like their human hosts, use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gut microbes possess several hundredfold more carbohydrate-degrading enzymes than humans.
“Gut microbes, on the other hand, possess several hundredfold more CHO-degrading enzymes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-chain fatty acids are the primary end products of bacterial fermentation.
“SCFAs, the primary end products of bacterial fermentation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Primary bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and facilitate digestion of dietary lipids.
“Primary bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and facilitate the digestion of dietary lipids.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes.
“metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth.
“Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth”
The paper relies on this without support.
High-fat diets are commonly low in fiber.
“high-fat diets are commonly low in fiber”
The paper relies on this without support.
The low fiber content of high-fat diets, via effects on the microbiota, may drive some of their metabolic consequences rather than elevated fat itself.
“it may be this latter feature, and its downstream effects on the microbiota, that drives some of the metabolic consequences of the diet rather than the elevated fat content by itself”
The paper relies on this without support.
Plant-based foods are the primary source of dietary MACs.
“Plant-based foods constitute the primary source of dietary MACs”
The paper relies on this without support.
The microbiota of individuals who consume vegetarian or predominantly plant-based diets exhibit greater capacity for MAC fermentation.
“the microbiota of individuals who consume vegetarian or predominantly plant-based diets exhibit greater capacity for MAC fermentation”
The paper relies on this without support.
SCFA production is typically increased in vegetarians.
“SCFA production is typically increased in vegetarians”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fermented foods rarely contain adequate amounts of specific probiotic organisms.
“fermented foods rarely contain adequate amounts of specific probiotic organisms”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diet-responsive members of the microbiota often represent a small proportion of the total community.
“diet-responsive members of the microbiota often represent a small proportion of the total community”
The paper relies on this without support.
Factors such as environment, genetics, past diet, exercise, and geography all play a role in shaping the microbiota.
“factors such as environment, genetics, past diet, exercise, and geography all play a role in shaping the microbiota”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This state has often been attributed to a high-fat diet, though a mouse study demonstrated that microbial changes leading to this detrimental state were induced by a lack of fermentable fibre rather than dietary fat content [97,98].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“The gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating body function by producing diverse metabolites and influencing the gut-liver-brain axis and other pathways, such as immune system pathways.”
From Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury (2021) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“The composition and function of gut flora can be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, particularly food consumption with different levels of dietary AGEs95,96.”
From Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury (2021) · cites this paper as [95]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gentile, C. L., & Weir, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weir, Tiffany L.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-11-16
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 6416
- Pages
- 776-780
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC13264711
- OpenAlex
- W2900697674
- Cited by
- 1,049
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 224 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL144611)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, diet, human health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, host-microbe interactions, dietary nutrients, chronic metabolic diseases
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Food Additives, Health, Humans, Diet, Vegetarian, Diet, Mediterranean, Diet, Ketogenic, Diet, Paleolithic
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