Seasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania
Open accessAbstract
Seasonal diets, seasonal microbiota: Among the Hadza of western Tanzania, a few hundred people still live in small groups as hunter-gatherers, reliant solely on the wild environment for food. Smits et al. found that the microbiota of these people reflects the seasonal availability of different types of food (see the Perspective by Peddada). Between seasons, striking differences were observed in their gut microbial communities, with some taxa apparently disappearing, only to reappear when the seasons turned. Further comparison of the Hadza microbiota with that of diverse urbanized peoples revealed distinctly different patterns of microbial community composition. Science , this issue p. 802 ; see also p. 754
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A change from the ancestral hunter-gatherer diet to a diet that is similar across seasons and significantly less varied is another likely contributor to reduced diversity of the microbiomes of individuals living in urbanized-industrialized communities.
“A change from the ancestral hunter–gatherer diet, where foods consumed changed seasonally and a wide variety of food components were eaten, to a diet that is similar across seasons and significantly less varied, is another likely contributor to reduced diversity of the microbiomes of individuals living in”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [131]
The paper describes seasonal changes in Hadza food consumption and reports lower gut-microbiome diversity in urban populations than in traditional populations (Abstract; no page supplied). It also suggests that limited plant-derived complex carbohydrates characterize modernized microbiomes. It does not establish that industrialized diets are similar across seasons or significantly less varied, or directly test that proposed dietary transition as the cause of reduced diversity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe data suggest that carbohydrate degradation by participants' microbiota was insufficient to process the increased fiber consumption, consistent with analyses of industrialized microbiomes.
“These data suggest the carbohydrate degradation by participants’ microbiota was insufficient to process the increased fiber consumption, consistent with analyses of industrialized microbiome (Smits et al., 2017; Vangay et al., 2018).”
From Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status (2021) · cites this paper as Smits et al., 2017
The microbiota of the Tanzanian Hadza tribe reflects the seasonality of their diet, with food type and availability affected by distinct dry and wet seasons.
“The microbiota of these hunter-gathers were shown to reflect the seasonality of their diet, with food type and availability affected by distinct dry and wet seasons.”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
Between seasons, the Hadza gut microbiota displays a considerable shift in composition with cyclical features, with a number of taxa undetectable one season reappearing the next.
“Between seasons, a considerable shift in gut microbiota composition with cyclical features was displayed, with a number of taxa undetectable one season shown to reappear the next [76].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
The level of microbial resilience can be unique to a host's gut microbiota, with some able to return to their original state after a perturbation, and others establishing a new, possibly pathological, profile.
“The level of microbial resilience can also be unique to a host’s gut microbiota, with some able to return to their original state after a perturbation, and others establishing a new, possibly pathological, profile [76].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
The Hadza, a hunter-gatherer group, have few of the metabolic diseases common in industrialized societies.
“The Hadza, a hunter-gatherer tribe whose lifestyle has been described as mimicking that of Paleolithic communities, experience few metabolic diseases that plague industrialized societies”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
The Hadza's microbiota and health advantages cannot be attributed to low carbohydrate intake alone, because their diet is rich in plant-derived MACs and their microbiota is rich in carbohydrate-metabolizing bacteria.
“it is difficult to ascribe these microbiota and health benefits to lower CHO intake by itself because the Hadza diet is rich in plant-derived MACs, and their microbiota contains a high abundance of CHO-metabolizing bacteria (63)”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
The Hadza diet contains abundant plant-derived microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs).
“the Hadza diet is rich in plant-derived MACs”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
The Hadza gut microbiota has greater microbial diversity than that of industrialized populations.
“their microbiota is characterized by greater microbial diversity (9, 63)”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
The Hadza gut microbiota includes a high abundance of carbohydrate-metabolizing bacteria.
“their microbiota contains a high abundance of CHO-metabolizing bacteria (63)”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
Three of these five taxa (Succinivirbionaceae, Spirochaetaceae, and Prevotellaceae) were highly variable with season.
“Additionally, three of these five taxa (Succinivirbionaceae, Spirochaetaceae, and Prevotellaceae) were highly variable with season.”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as Smits et al. (2017)
The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae in the Hadza from this study is within a standard deviation of the ~38% relative abundance reported by Smits et al.
“though it is within a standard deviation of the relative abundance reported by Smits et al. [31] (~ 38%)”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Prior studies of the Hadza and the Hutterites indicate that seasonally volatile gut bacterial taxa correlate with seasonally available food.
“Prior studies of the Hadza (Smits et al. 2017) [31] and the Hutterites from the USA [49] indicate that seasonally volatile gut bacterial taxa correlate with seasonally available food.”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
The increased abundance of Prevotellaceae in the Hadza in this study is concordant with seasonal variation of this taxa reported in Smits et al.
“The increased abundance of Prevotellaceae in the Hadza in our study is concordant with seasonal variation of this taxa reported in Smits et al. [31].”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Smits et al. (2017) identified four bacterial families and one bacterial phylum that primarily associate with traditional or industrialized populations.
“which identified four bacterial families and one bacterial phylum that primarily associate with traditional (Prevotellaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Succinivibrionaceae) or industrialized (Bacteroidaceae, Verrucomicrobia) populations”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as Smits et al. (2017)
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“A change from the ancestral hunter-gatherer diet, where foods consumed changed seasonally and a wide variety of food components were eaten, to a diet that is similar across seasons and significantly less varied, is another likely contributor to reduced diversity of the microbiomes of individuals living in urbanised-in…”
Background
- Authors
- Smits, S. A., Leach, J., Sonnenburg, E. D., Gonzalez, C. G., Lichtman, J. S., Reid, G., Knight, R., Manjurano, A., Changalucha, J., Elias, J. E., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., & Sonnenburg, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- Western University (CA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- National Institute for Medical Research (TZ)
- School of Medicine and Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Smits, Samuel A.
- Leach, Jeff
- Sonnenburg, Justin L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-08-25
- Volume
- 357
- Issue
- 6353
- Pages
- 802-806
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5891123
- OpenAlex
- W2750417371
- Cited by
- 886
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 33.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-DK085025, R01-DK090989)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, seasonal variation, modernization, microbial diversity
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Ethnicity, Feces, Humans, Life Style, Seasons, Tanzania
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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