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A dysbiotic microbiome triggers T H 17 cells to mediate oral mucosal immunopathology in mice and humans
Open accessAbstract
Combined patient and animal model studies implicate microbiota-triggered T H 17 cells as disease drivers and therapeutic targets in periodontitis.
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“Studies using germ‐free mice have also been employed in the context of the oral microbiome, demonstrating the role of diabetes in disrupting the equilibrium of the oral microbiota50 and confirming the role of the oral microbiota in periodontal disease pathogenesis.51, 52”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“In line with the role of oral mucosa as a physiological barrier, the functions of immune networks within this mucosa reflect the site‐specific challenges faced within the oral cavity. For example, they contribute to homeostasis in response to masticatory forces and trigger immune responses to the development of pathologic microbial communities.52, 53”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Microbial dysbiosis is also necessary for additional inflammatory responses characteristic of periodontal disease, including local expansion of pathologic interleukin‐17+/CD4+ T‐helper (T‐helper 17) cells.52”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“The importance of commensal species to pathogenesis is further demonstrated by the requirement for commensal microbial communities in the instigation of disease by periodontal pathogens.51, 52”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“homeostatic T‐helper 17 cells were found to be induced by mechanical stimuli in a microbiome‐independent manner, whereas periodontitis‐associated T‐helper 17 cells were found to accumulate in a microbiome‐dependent manner and to require both interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐23.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
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“Microbial induction of TH17 cells has been well documented at various other barrier sites, including the lower GI (32) and skin (33).”
Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation
Hajishengallis, G. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3785 · Cited by 3,046 · cited 2×
“To date, the pathogenic drivers of exaggerated destructive inflammation are incompletely understood, and treatment largely aims at reduction of microbial stimulation rather than at targeting of specific immune pathways through hostmodulation therapies (2).”
Self-citationPeriodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis
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“DISCUSSION At mucosal barrier sites, the local immune system is tasked with the delicate act of maintaining a dynamic balance between host and environmental stimuli (26).”
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“In human lesions of periodontitis, we document an expansion of TH17 cells that secrete cytokines associated with pathogenic activity (10, 30) and are predominantly resident memory TH17 cells (31).”
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Innovative biomaterials for the treatment of periodontal disease
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“A murine experimental periodontitis model demonstrated that TH17 cells and the accumulation of neutrophils were necessary for inflammatory tissue destruction (94).”
BackgroundCommensal gut bacterium critically regulates alveolar bone homeostasis
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“(8) TH17 cells also function as an osteoclastogenic helper T-cell subset in inflammatory bone destruction.”
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“However, when dysregulated, these cells have also been shown to cause inflammation and immunopathology in the common oral disease periodontitis 92,97,98 .”
Self-citationSystemic Th17 response in the presence of periodontal inflammation
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Gingival transcriptomics of follicular T cell footprints in progressing periodontitis
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IL-36 Regulates Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Bone Loss at the Oral Barrier
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“Neutrophils play a key role in periodontitis (Silva et al. 2021; Williams et al. 2021) as they regulate bone loss (Dutzan et al. 2018).”
BackgroundRegional specialization within the mammalian respiratory immune system
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“…in PD, including the Th17 T-cell subset (Jagannathan-Bogdan et al. 2011; Moutsopoulos et al. 2012; McLaughlin et al. 2014; Ip et al. 2016; Dutzan et al. 2018; Nicholas et al. 2019), B cells that play roles in PD of obese but not lean mice (Zhu et al. 2014), and myeloid cells (Hatanaka et…”
BackgroundPotential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy
He, J., Zhou, S., Hou, P., Wang, Y., Gan, T., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Shi, S., Zhu, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.652837 · Cited by 16
ILC1s and ILC3s Exhibit Inflammatory Phenotype in Periodontal Ligament of Periodontitis Patients
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“Previous reports have shown that inflammatory cytokines IL17A and IFN-g are implicated in driving the pathogenesis of periodontitis and consequent bone and tooth loss (32).”
Oral Pathobionts Promote MS-like Symptoms in Mice
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“Th17 cells are significantly increased in periodontal tissues—the predominant site of lesion in response to local stimulus of dysbiotic oral microbiota (Dutzan et al. 2018).”
BackgroundStandardized studies of the oral microbiome: From technology‐driven to hypothesis‐driven
Gao, C., Li, X., Zhao, X., Yang, P., Wang, X., Chen, X., Chen, N., & Chen, F. (2022) · iMeta · doi:10.1002/imt2.19 · Cited by 15
Probiotics During the Therapeutic Management of Periodontitis
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“Data from experimental animal models showed that mice lacking Th17 cells experienced decreased bone loss and inflammation during periodontitis.(15,16) This suggests that IL‐17 is likely contributing to the loss of alveolar bone through increasing the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)…”
Zhao, D., Yang, R., Wei, H.-X., Yang, K., Yang, Y., Wang, N.-X., Zhang, Q., Chen, F., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1449411 · Cited by 18
Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells and Periodontitis: Potential Regulatory Role of NKT10 Cells
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A reappraisal of microbiome dysbiosis during experimental periodontitis
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“Interestingly, the microbialprofileobservedinthosestudiesthatperformedlongitudinal sampling (Dutzan et al., 2018; Kitamoto et al., 2020; Tsukasaki et al., 2018) 4), albeit at much lower abundance.”
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“Triggered by a dysbiotic microbiome, an increase in Th17 cells and neutrophils has been reported associated with inflammatory periodontal tissue destruction and defects in these cells resulted in reduced bone loss 40 .”
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Self-citationAntimicrobial‐induced oral dysbiosis exacerbates naturally occurring alveolar bone loss
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“Similar to previous studies in mice and humans (6, 42), the microbial community structure of WT animals was stable over time, as no significant differences were found between 8- and 12-week samples for either male or female animals (Fig.”
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“Indeed, dysbiosis might represent a key factor for the risk of developing obesity, autoimmunity, cancer and infections [30].”
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“Exacting studies employing the LIP model showed that, in response to a LIP-associated dysbiotic microbiota, gingival-resident ‘T helper 17 ′ CD4 + T cells (T H 17) and PMNs are critical for alveolar bone loss 15 .”
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“Th17 cell proliferation and IL-17 production play a role in the development of periodontal disease [43, 44].”
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The association between periodontal microbial biomarkers and primary therapy outcome
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ICAM1+ gingival fibroblasts modulate periodontal inflammation to mitigate bone loss
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“In periodontitis, expansion of Th17 TRMs drives immunopathology in response to local dysbiosis (68).”
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“21,47 Controlling Th17/Treg imbalance may be the key to break the link between oral and systemic in fl ammatory diseases.”
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“In oral cavity infections such as periodontitis, Th17 lymphocytes have been shown to play an important role in shaping the immune response leading to increased development of gingivitis and tooth loss [10].”
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“N/A Instead of gd17T cells, Th17 cell-derived IL-17 mediates pathology in periodontitis (80)”
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“Currently, chronic periodontitis is one of the most common oral disorders (Dutzan et al., 2018).”
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Single-cell RNA-seq reveals a resolving immune phenotype in the oral mucosa
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A Summary of the Fifth Annual Virology Education HIV Microbiome Workshop
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“However, during disease, Th17 expansion appears to be dependent on the microbiome since antibiotic treatment (particularly those affecting the gram-negative anaerobic bacteria) reduces Th17 accumulation.(43) Small molecule inhibitors or genetic knockout of Th17 cells reduced inflammation and bone loss in a mouse model…”
Li, L., Hayashi-Okada, Y., Falkner, K. L., Shimizu, Y., Zambon, J. J., Kirkwood, K. L., Schifferle, R. E., Genco, R. J., & Diaz, P. I. (2025) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.24-0141 · Cited by 6
Self-citationHidalgo, M. A. R., Caldeira, F. I. D., Orrico, S. R. P., Leite, F. R. M., & Scarel‐Caminaga, R. M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13082028 · Cited by 6
Ji, R., Zhao, X., Zhen, C., Ge, Y., Wu, Z., & Wang, X. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14101393 · Cited by 6
Alterations of the nasal and oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Li, S., Montini, F., Song, A., Willocq, V., Chan, E., Shamah, R., Weiner, M., Glanz, B. I., Weiner, H. L., & Cox, L. M. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105959 · Cited by 6
“20,21 Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, worsened EAE and induced proinflammatory responses of CNS glial cells.”
Li, X., Wang, H., Schmidt, C. Q., Ferreira, V. P., Yancopoulou, D., Mastellos, D. C., Lambris, J. D., & Hajishengallis, G. (2023) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2300242 · Cited by 6
Self-citationWang, J.-J., Cheng-lei, Z., Guo, X., & Yang, C. (2023) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106347 · Cited by 6
The Oral–Lung Microbiome Axis in Connective Tissue Disease-Related Interstitial Lung Disease
Bongers, K. S., Massett, A., & O’Dwyer, D. N. (2024) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1785673 · Cited by 7
Type 17 immune response promotes oral epithelial cell proliferation in periodontitis
Zhou, Y., Lv, D., Wei, W., Zhou, T., Tang, S., Yang, F., Zhang, J., Jiang, L., Xia, X., Jiang, Y., et al. (2024) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106005 · Cited by 6
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The bidirectional effect of neutrophils on periodontitis model in mice: A systematic review
Liu, S., Chen, Y., Jiang, Y., Du, J., Guo, L., Xu, J., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. F. (2023) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14803 · Cited by 7
Origin of Th17 Cells in Type 2 Diabetes-Potentiated Periodontal Disease
Nikolajczyk, B. S., & Dawson, D. R. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_4 · Cited by 6
Zhou, Y., Xie, X., Chen, H., Xu, L., Qiu, C., Shen, H., Zhou, W., & Song, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1590665 · Cited by 5
“In animal models, inhibition of STAT3 or ROR g t in CD4 + T cells resulted in the suppression of gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption (34, 35).”
FOXP3+ T Cells—An Emerging Evidence in Periodontitis Therapeutics
Ünsal, R. B. K., Hasuike, A., Badawy, T., Asa’ad, F., Špiljak, B., Yuwanati, M. B., Roganović, J., Liu, Y., Brigi, C., Zambrano, D. M., et al. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.70263 · Cited by 5
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a new hitchhiker in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis
MohanaSundaram, A., Gohil, N. V., Etekochay, M. O., Patel, P., Gurajala, S., Sathanantham, S. T., Nsengiyumva, M., Kumar, S., & Emran, T. B. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001122 · Cited by 8
“In healthy individuals, the oral cavity is maintained by the immune surveillance of CD4+ T cells followed by smaller population of CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, which helps in maintaining the dynamic balance between bone resorption and osteogenesis [65] .”
BackgroundDanielsen, A. K., Massarenti, L., Minculescu, L., Jensen, P. Ø., Hansen, P. R., Holmstrup, P., Damgaard, C., & Nielsen, C. H. (2024) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13317 · Cited by 5
“3,4 Th17 cells, in particular, have been linked directly to osteoclas - togenesis and bone destruction, 5 and their signature cytokine, in - terleukin (IL)- 17, is elevated in the inflamed periodontium 6–10 and gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontitis.”
Occlusal trauma aggravates periodontitis through the plasminogen/plasmin system
Liu, X., Li, J., Li, J., Wang, T., Ding, Y. P., Yue, Y., Wang, M., Wei, N., & Hao, L. (2024) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.15081 · Cited by 5
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A Potential Role of Phospholipase 2 Group IIA (PLA2-IIA) in P. gingivalis-Induced Oral Dysbiosis
González, O. A., Alves, V. T. E., Alimova, Y. V., Al‐Attar, A., & Ebersole, J. L. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_7 · Cited by 5
Relevant mechanisms of MAIT cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis
Jiang, X., Zhao, Q., Huang, Z., Ma, F., Chen, K., & Li, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104932 · Cited by 5
“), inhibits the secretion of antiinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-b, and accelerates the breakdown of collagen fibres in periodontal tissues (Dutzan et al., 2018).”
BackgroundWomen in immunology: 2020 and beyond
Pierce, S. K., Schwartzberg, P. L., Shah, N. N., & Taylor, N. N. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0618-4 · Cited by 5
Th17/IL‐17A Drives Alveolar Bone Loss via the JAK/STAT3‐RANKL Axis in the Periodontal Ligament
Lv, D., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Wei, W., Zhang, L., Xia, X., Chen, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, P., et al. (2025) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.70154 · Cited by 6
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The Role of Inflammasomes in Chronic Oral Inflammatory Disease and Oral Cancer: A Narrative Review
Al‐Natour, B., Rasheed, I. B., & Karim, I. A. E. (2025) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj13120609 · Cited by 4
“Oral bacterial communities, referred to as oral microbiome, exhibit balanced interaction between mutualistic and pathogenic strains, but dysbiosis elicits an inflammatory response, which results in periodontal disease [52,53].”
Martini, G. R., Hofmann, P., Kamps, A.-K., Weichberger, A., Tikhonova, E., Conroy, A., Pan, X., Namuch, D. M., Rathjens, L., Bergfeld, A., et al. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.06.013 · Cited by 5
Shang, L., Roffel, S., Slomka, V., D’Agostino, E. M., Métris, A., Buijs, M. J., Brandt, B. W., Deng, D., Gibbs, S., & Krom, B. P. (2025) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-025-02033-w · Cited by 4
Cell-Molecular Interactions of Nano- and Microparticles in Dental Implantology
Владимировна, Л. В., Bazikyan, E. A., Демин, Д. Э., Dyachkova, I. G., Zolotov, D. A., Volkov, A. V., Асадчиков, В. Е., Zhigalina, O. M., Khmelenin, D. N., Купцова, Д. Г., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032267 · Cited by 4
Rodent models for oral microbiome research: considerations and challenges- a mini review
Gopinath, D., Pandiar, D., Li, Z., & Panda, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1439091 · Cited by 7
“Immunode fi cient mice tend to harbor more pathogenic microbes in their oral cavity, whereas hyperimmune mice may suppress some bene fi cial microbes (39, 40).”
BackgroundRobust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
Chadwick, J. W., & Glogauer, M. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/59667 · Cited by 4
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Oral Microbiome Profile of Gingivitis and Periodontitis by Next-Generation SequencingPreprint
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Protein-based double-network hydrogels mimicking oral mucosa
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“Despite these pharmacological advantages, research on mucosal interfaces has long relied on animal models, primarily due to limited availability of viable human tissues and persistent ethical dilemmas (Dutzan et al., 2018; Gaffen and Moutsopoulos, 2020; Zhang et al., 2021).”
Balancing IL-17–mediated protection and IFN-γ–driven pathology at mucocutaneous barriers
Dias, L. D. S., & Lionakis, M. S. (2025) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2025.09.002 · Cited by 4
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“Th17 cells play a crucial role in inflammation caused by commensal oral bacteria in both mice and humans [48, 49].”
Immune-instructive biomaterials in oral tissue regeneration and therapy
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Immune Responses at Host Barriers and Their Importance in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dutzan, N., Kajikawa, T., Abusleme, L., Greenwell-Wild, T., Zuazo, C. E., Ikeuchi, T., Brenchley, L., Abe, T., Hurabielle, C., Martin, D., Morell, R. J., Freeman, A. F., Lazarevic, V., Trinchieri, G., Diaz, P. I., Holland, S. M., Belkaid, Y., Hajishengallis, G., & Moutsopoulos, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- UConn Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moutsopoulos, Niki M.
- ORCID
- Dutzan, Nicolas
- Kajikawa, Tetsuhiro
- Abusleme, Loreto
- Zuazo, Carlos E.
- Ikeuchi, Tomoko
- Brenchley, Laurie
- Abe, Toshiharu
- Hurabielle, Charlotte
- Martin, Daniel
- Morell, Robert J.
- Freeman, Alexandra F.
- Lazarevic, Vanja
- Trinchieri, Giorgio
- Diaz, Patricia I.
- Holland, Steven M.
- Belkaid, Yasmine
- Hajishengallis, George
- Moutsopoulos, Niki M.
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2018-10-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 463
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC6330016
- OpenAlex
- W2896857921
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 44.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- NIAID (IRP)
- NIDCR (Intramural, DE024153, DE026152)
- NCI Intramural
- La Roche-Posay
- CEDEF
- Philippe Foundation
- fondation groupe pasteur mutualité
- Société Française de Dermatologie
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- dysbiosis, oral microbiota, Th17 cells, oral inflammation, periodontitis, oral immunity, targeted therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Bone Resorption, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Inflammation, Mouth Mucosa, Neutrophils, Periodontitis, Interleukin-6, Mice, Interleukin-23, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3, Th17 Cells, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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