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Energy Conservation Associated with Ethanol Formation from H 2 and CO 2 in Clostridium autoethanogenum Involving Electron Bifurcation
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: Most acetogens can reduce CO2 with H2 to acetic acid via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, in which the ATP required for formate activation is regenerated in the acetate kinase reaction. However, a few acetogens, such as Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium ljungdahlii, and Clostridium ragsdalei, also form large amounts of ethanol from CO2 and H2. How these anaerobes with a growth pH optimum near 5 conserve energy has remained elusive. We investigated this question by determining the specific activities and cofactor specificities of all relevant oxidoreductases in cell extracts of H2/CO2-grown C. autoethanogenum. The activity studies were backed up by transcriptional and mutational analyses. Most notably, despite the presence of six hydrogenase systems of various types encoded in the genome, the cells appear to contain only one active hydrogenase. The active [FeFe]-hydrogenase is electron bifurcating, with ferredoxin and NADP as the two electron acceptors. Consistently, most of the other active oxidoreductases rely on either reduced ferredoxin and/or NADPH as the electron donor. An exception is ethanol dehydrogenase, which was found to be NAD specific. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity could only be demonstrated with artificial electron donors. Key to the understanding of this energy metabolism is the presence of membrane-associated reduced ferredoxin:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (Rnf), of electron-bifurcating and ferredoxin-dependent transhydrogenase (Nfn), and of acetaldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which is present with very high specific activities in H2/CO2-grown cells. Based on these findings and on thermodynamic considerations, we propose metabolic schemes that allow, depending on the H2 partial pressure, the chemiosmotic synthesis of 0.14 to 1.5 mol ATP per mol ethanol synthesized from CO2 and H2. IMPORTANCE: Ethanol formation from syngas (H2, CO, and CO2) and from H2 and CO2 that is catalyzed by bacteria is presently a much-discussed process for sustainable production of biofuels. Although the process is already in use, its biochemistry is only incompletely understood. The most pertinent question is how the bacteria conserve energy for growth during ethanol formation from H2 and CO2, considering that acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), is an intermediate. Can reduction of the activated acetic acid to ethanol with H2 be coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP? Evidence is presented that this is indeed possible, via both substrate-level phosphorylation and electron transport phosphorylation. In the case of substrate-level phosphorylation, acetyl-CoA reduction to ethanol proceeds via free acetic acid involving acetaldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (carboxylate reductase).
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“and transcriptomics analyses of C. autoethanogenum (Mock et al., 2015; Marcellin et al., 2016) and C. ljungdahlii (Nagarajan et al., 2013; Tan et al., 2013; Whitham et al., 2015).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Mock et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“identification of cofactors for key reactions for C. autoethanogenum (Wang et al., 2013a; Mock et al., 2015), A. woodii (Schuchmann and Müller, 2012, 2014), M. thermoacetica (Huang et al., 2012; Mock et al., 2014), and E. limosum (Jeong et al., 2015);”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Mock et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Conjugation was reported for C. autoethanogenum (using E. coli strain HB101 as donor) (Mock et al., 2015), and A. woodii (using E. coli strain S17-1 as donor) (Strätz et al., 1994).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Mock et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“H2/CO2 gas fermentations mostly produce acetate, though production of ethanol (Mock et al., 2015) and other products such as acetone (Schiel-Bengelsdorf and Dürre, 2012; Hoffmeister et al., 2016) or butyrate (Ueki et al., 2014) have been described, albeit at lower productivity compared to CO.”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Mock et al., 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mock, J., Zheng, Y., Mueller, A. P., Ly, S., Tran, L., Segovia, S., Nagaraju, S., Köpke, M., Dürre, P., & Thauer, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology (DE)
- LanzaTech Inc., Skokie, Illinois, USA
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Bacteriology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2015-09-15
- Volume
- 197
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 2965-2980
- ISSN
- 0021-9193 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5530
- PMC
- PMC4542177
- OpenAlex
- W1841900872
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 7.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Bacteriology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- Clostridium autoethanogenum, ethanol production, electron bifurcation, energy conservation, acetogenic bacteria, hydrogenase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, ethanol dehydrogenase, Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, ATP production, syngas conversion, biofuel production
- MeSH terms
- Acetyl Coenzyme A, Adenosine Diphosphate, Ethanol, Bacterial Proteins, Carbon Dioxide, Clostridium, Electron Transport, Energy Metabolism, Hydrogen, Membrane Proteins, Oxidoreductases, Phosphoproteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Acetic Acid
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