Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas
Open accessAbstract
Clostridium ljungdahlii is an anaerobic homoacetogen, able to ferment sugars, other organic compounds, or CO(2)/H(2) and synthesis gas (CO/H(2)). The latter feature makes it an interesting microbe for the biotech industry, as important bulk chemicals and proteins can be produced at the expense of CO(2), thus combining industrial needs with sustained reduction of CO and CO(2) in the atmosphere. Sequencing the complete genome of C. ljungdahlii revealed that it comprises 4,630,065 bp and is one of the largest clostridial genomes known to date. Experimental data and in silico comparisons revealed a third mode of anaerobic homoacetogenic metabolism. Unlike other organisms such as Moorella thermoacetica or Acetobacterium woodii, neither cytochromes nor sodium ions are involved in energy generation. Instead, an Rnf system is present, by which proton translocation can be performed. An electroporation procedure has been developed to transform the organism with plasmids bearing heterologous genes for butanol production. Successful expression of these genes could be demonstrated, leading to formation of the biofuel. Thus, C. ljungdahlii can be used as a unique microbial production platform based on synthesis gas and carbon dioxide/hydrogen mixtures.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Whole genome sequences have been elucidated for a range of acetogens including C. autoethanogenum, C. ljungdahlii, C. aceticum, M. thermoacetica, A. woodii, and E. limosum.
“These include elucidation of whole genome sequences for a range of acetogens including C. autoethanogenum (Brown et al., 2014; Humphreys et al., 2015; Utturkar et al., 2015), C. ljungdahlii (Köpke et al., 2010), C. aceticum (Poehlein et al., 2015), M. thermoacetica (Pierce et al., 2008), A. woodii (Poehlein et al., 2012), and E. limosum (Roh et al., 2011);”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
Methods for genetic manipulation in acetogens other than C. difficile were only beginning to emerge since 2010.
“Methods for genetic manipulation in acetogens other than C. difficile were only beginning to emerge since 2010 (Köpke et al., 2010).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
Transfer of foreign DNA was successfully demonstrated for C. ljungdahlii, C. autoethanogenum, C. aceticum, A. woodii, and M. thermoacetica.
“Transfer of foreign DNA was successfully demonstrated for C. ljungdahlii (Köpke et al., 2010; Leang et al., 2013), C. autoethanogenum (Köpke and Liew, 2011), C. aceticum (Schiel-Bengelsdorf and Dürre, 2012), A. woodii (Straub et al., 2014), and M. thermoacetica (Kita et al., 2013).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
At the end of growth, butanol produced by the recombinant C. ljungdahlii was assimilated and converted into butyrate.
“However, at the end of growth, butanol was assimilated and converted into butyrate.”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
A first proof of concept study that acetogens can be genetically modified was published in 2010.
“A first proof of concept study that acetogens can be genetically modified was published in 2010 (Köpke et al., 2010).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
Upon transformation with a plasmid expressing butanol biosynthetic genes from ABE-fermenting C. acetobutylicum, C. ljungdahlii was able to synthesize up to 2 mM of butanol from a syngas blend.
“Upon transformation with a plasmid expressing butanol biosynthetic genes (thlA, hbd, crt, bcd, adhE, and bdhA) from ABE-fermenting C. acetobutylicum, the organism was able to synthesize up to 2 mM of butanol from a syngas blend.”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
C. ljungdahlii with plasmid-based expression of C. acetobutylicum butanol biosynthetic genes produced up to 148 mg/L n-butanol from synthetic syngas in bottles, with conversion to butyrate at end of growth.
“| C. ljungdahlii | Plasmid based expression of C. acetobutylicum butanol biosynthetic genes (thlA-crt-hbd-bcd, adhE-bdhA) | Production of up to 148 mg/L n-butanol from synthetic syngas in bottles; Conversion to butyrate at end of growth | Köpke et al., 2010 |”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Köpke et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose.
Thomas, P. S. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201 · Cited by 7,937 · see citing works
The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials
Ragauskas, A. J., Williams, C. K., Davison, B. H., Britovsek, G., Cairney, J., Eckert, C. A., Frederick, W. J., Hallett, J. P., Leak, D. J., Liotta, C. L., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1114736 · Cited by 5,741 · see citing works
High efficiency transformation of E.coli by high voltage electroporation
Dower, W. J., Miller, J. F., & Ragsdale, C. W. (1988) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/16.13.6127 · Cited by 2,821 · see citing works
High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids
Inoue, H., Nojima, H., & Okayama, H. (1990) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90336-p · Cited by 2,315 · see citing works
Weissermel, K., & Arpe, H. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527619191 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Environmental Life Cycle Comparison of Algae to Other Bioenergy Feedstocks
Clarens, A. F., Resurreccion, E. P., White, M. A., & Colosi, L. M. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es902838n · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Fast algorithms for large-scale genome alignment and comparison
Delcher, A. L. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/30.11.2478 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Biobutanol: An attractive biofuel
Dürre, P. (2007) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.200700168 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational energy outlook 1990
Available, N. (1990) · doi:10.2172/7076853 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
The ClosTron: a universal gene knock-out system for the genus Clostridium
Heap, J. T., Pennington, O. J., Cartman, S. T., Carter, G. P., & Minton, N. P. (2007) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2007.05.021 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Genome sequence of the bioplastic-producing “Knallgas” bacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16
Pohlmann, A., Fricke, W. F., Reinecke, F., Kusian, B., Liesegang, H., Cramm, R., Eitinger, T., Ewering, C., Pötter, M., Schwartz, E., et al. (2006) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1244 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>Old Acetogens, New Light</i>
Drake, H. L., Gößner, A. S., & Daniel, S. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1419.016 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Indirect emissions from biofuels: how important
Melillo, J. M., Reilly, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., Gurgel, A. C., Cronin, T. W., Paltsev, S., Felzer, B. S., Wang, X., Sokolov, A. P., & Schlosser, C. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180251 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
The genome of <i>Clostridium kluyveri</i> , a strict anaerobe with unique metabolic features
Seedorf, H., Fricke, W. F., Veith, B., Brüggemann, H., Liesegang, H., Strittmatter, A., Miethke, M., Buckel, W., Hinderberger, J., Li, F., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711093105 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, F., Hinderberger, J., Seedorf, H., Zhang, J., Buckel, W., & Thauer, R. K. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01417-07 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Energy conservation via electron-transferring flavoprotein in anaerobic bacteria
Herrmann, G., Jayamani, E., Mai, G., & Buckel, W. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01422-07 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Catalysis at a dinuclear [CuSMo(O)OH] cluster in a CO dehydrogenase resolved at 1.1-Å resolution
Dobbek, H., Gremer, L., Kiefersauer, R. A., Huber, R., & Meyer, O. O. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.212640899 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Expression of Clostridium acetobutylicum butanol synthetic genes in Escherichia coli
Inui, M., Suda, M., Kimura, S., Yasuda, K., Suzuki, H., Toda, H., Yamamoto, S., Okino, S., Suzuki, N., & Yukawa, H. (2007) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-007-1257-5 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Fermentative Butanol Production
Dürre, P. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1419.009 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationClostridium ljungdahlii sp. nov., an Acetogenic Species in Clostridial rRNA Homology Group I
Tanner, R. S., Miller, L. M., & Yang, D. (1993) · International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology · doi:10.1099/00207713-43-2-232 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Mermelstein, L. D., & Papoutsakis, E. T. (1993) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.59.4.1077-1081.1993 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The complete genome sequence of Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum )
Pierce, E., Xie, G. G., Barabote, R. D., Saunders, E. H., Han, C. S., Detter, J. C., Richardson, P., Brettin, T. S., Das, A., Ljungdahl, L. G., et al. (2008) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01679.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Rhizobiumsp. Strain NGR234 Possesses a Remarkable Number of Secretion Systems
Schmeisser, C., Liesegang, H., Krysciak, D., et al. (2009) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00515-09 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationIsolation of prokaryotic RNA and detection of specific mRNA with biotinylated probes
Oelmüller, U., Krüger, N., Steinbüchel, A., et al. (1990) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/0167-7012(90)90050-g · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Sodium dependence of acetate formation by the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii
Heise, R., Müller, V., & Gottschalk, G. (1989) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.171.10.5473-5478.1989 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction of plasmids into whole cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum by electroporation
Oultram, J. D., Loughlin, M., Swinfield, T.-J., Brehm, J. K., Thompson, D. E., & Minton, N. P. (1988) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb03154.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Liu, X., & Yang, S. (2005) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.20354 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Clark, J. E., & Ljungdahl, L. G. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90590-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Welch, R. W., Rudolph, F. B., & Papoutsakis, E. T. (1989) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90489-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Conjugal transfer and expression of streptococcal transposons in Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bertram, J., & D�rre, P. (1989) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00454874 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPurine and glycine metabolism by purinolytic clostridia
Dürre, P., & Andreesen, J. R. (1983) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.154.1.192-199.1983 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationControl of Butanol Formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum by Transcriptional Activation
Thormann, K. M., Feustel, L., Lorenz, K., Nakotte, S., & Dürre, P. (2002) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.184.7.1966-1973.2002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationMeier, T. W., Ferguson, S. A., Cook, G. M., Dimroth, P., & Vonck, J. (2006) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00934-06 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wohlfarth, G., Geerligs, G., & Diekert, G. B. (1990) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19242.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wohlfarth, G., & Diekert, G. B. (1991) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00243458 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Service, R. F. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.326.5959.1472 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Na+-F1F0-ATPase Operon from Acetobacterium woodii
Rahlfs, S., Aufurth, S., & Müller, V. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.48.33999 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sporulation in Clostridia (Genetics)
Dürre, P. (2005) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203489819.ch29 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Buckel, W., & Thauer, R. K. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.002 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Kracke, F., Vassilev, I., & Krömer, J. O. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00575 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Liew, F., Martin, M. E., Tappel, R. C., Heijstra, B. D., Mihalcea, C., & Köpke, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citationCommercial Biomass Syngas Fermentation.
Daniell, J., Köpke, M., & Simpson, S. (2012) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en5125372 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationPoehlein, A., Schmidt, S., Kaster, A.-K., Goenrich, M., Vollmers, J., Thürmer, A., Bertsch, J., Schuchmann, K., Voigt, B., Hecker, M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033439 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationBioconversion of synthesis gas to second generation biofuels: A review
Mohammadi, M., Najafpour, G. D., Younesi, H., Lahijani, P., Uzir, M. H., & Mohamed, A. R. (2011) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.124 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Diender, M., Stams, A. J. M., & Sousa, D. Z. (2016) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0495-0 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Mock, J., Zheng, Y., Mueller, A. P., Ly, S., Tran, L., Segovia, S., Nagaraju, S., Köpke, M., Dürre, P., & Thauer, R. K. (2015) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00399-15 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationLeang, C., Ueki, T., Nevin, K. P., & Lovley, D. R. (2013) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02891-12 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Latif, H., Zeidan, A. A., Nielsen, A. T., & Zengler, K. (2014) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2013.12.001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Huang, H., Wang, S., Moll, J., & Thauer, R. K. (2012) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00385-12 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Converting carbon dioxide to butyrate with an engineered strain of Clostridium ljungdahlii
Ueki, T., Nevin, K. P., Woodard, T. L., & Lovley, D. R. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01636-14 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Nagarajan, H., Sahin, M., Nogales, J., Latif, H., Lovley, D. R., Ebrahim, A., & Zengler, K. (2013) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-118 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Straub, M., Demler, M., Weuster-Botz, D., & Dürre, P. (2014) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcellin, E., Behrendorff, J. B., Nagaraju, S., DeTissera, S., Segovia, S., Palfreyman, R. W., Daniell, J., Licona-Cassani, C., Quek, L.-E., Speight, R., et al. (2016) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c5gc02708j · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, S. D., Nagaraju, S., Utturkar, S., De Tissera, S., Segovia, S., Mitchell, W., Land, M. L., Dassanayake, A., & Köpke, M. (2014) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/1754-6834-7-40 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationAcetone production with metabolically engineered strains of Acetobacterium woodii
Hoffmeister, S., Gerdom, M., Bengelsdorf, F. R., Linder, S., Flüchter, S., Öztürk, H., Blümke, W., May, A., Fischer, R.-J., Bahl, H., et al. (2016) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2016.03.001 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationLactose-inducible system for metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii
Banerjee, A., Leang, C., Ueki, T., Nevin, K. P., & Lovley, D. R. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03666-13 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Perez, J. M., Richter, H., Loftus, S. E., & Angenent, L. T. (2013) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.24786 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Martin, W. F. (2012) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.09.031 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Recent advances in biofuel production through metabolic engineering
Joshi, S., & Mishra, S. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127037 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Poehlein, A., Cebulla, M., Ilg, M. M., Bengelsdorf, F. R., Schiel-Bengelsdorf, B., Whited, G., Andreesen, J. R., Gottschalk, G., Daniel, R., & Dürre, P. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01168-15 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnical guide for genetic advancement of underdeveloped and intractable Clostridium
Pyne, M. E., Bruder, M., Moo-Young, M., Chung, D. A., & Chou, C. P. (2014) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kita, A., Iwasaki, Y., Sakai, S., Okuto, S., Takaoka, K., Suzuki, T., Yano, S., Sawayama, S., Tajima, T., Kato, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.10.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
NADH gene manipulation for advancing bioelectricity in Clostridium ljungdahlii microbial fuel cells
Han, S., Gao, X.-Y., Ying, H.-J., & Zhou, C. C. (2016) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c5gc02696b · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Isom, C. E., Nanny, M. A., & Tanner, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10295-014-1543-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Metabolic response of Clostridium ljungdahlii to oxygen exposure
Whitham, J. M., Tirado-Acevedo, O., Chinn, M. S., Pawlak, J. J., & Grunden, A. M. (2015) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02491-15 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sequence data for Clostridium autoethanogenum using three generations of sequencing technologies
Utturkar, S. M., Klingeman, D. M., Bruno-Barcena, J. M., Chinn, M. S., Grunden, A. M., Köpke, M., & Brown, S. D. (2015) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.14 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating Moorella thermoacetica metabolism with a genome-scale constraint-based metabolic model
Islam, M. A., Zengler, K., Edwards, E. A., Mahadevan, R., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2015) · Integrative Biology · doi:10.1039/c5ib00095e · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Carbon negative biofuels: a step ahead of carbon neutrality
Sharma, T., Chauhan, P. S., Patel, M., Singh, A., Kaur, M., Chauhan, G., Rana, B. B., Kumar, N., & Walia, A. (2025) · Biofuels · doi:10.1080/17597269.2025.2450156 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Köpke, M., Held, C., Hujer, S., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Wollherr, A., Ehrenreich, A., Liebl, W., Gottschalk, G., & Dürre, P.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dürre, Peter
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-07-02
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 13087-13092
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2919952
- OpenAlex
- W1992994412
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 13.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2010-08-03)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- Clostridium ljungdahlii, homoacetogenesis, syngas fermentation, anaerobic metabolism, proton translocation, genome sequencing, heterologous expression, butanol production, electroporation, CO2 reduction, biofuels
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Bacterial Proteins, Clostridium, DNA, Bacterial, Energy Metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Recombination, Genetic, Substrate Specificity, Blotting, Northern, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Biofuels
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
