History of CRISPR-Cas from Encounter with a Mysterious Repeated Sequence to Genome Editing Technology

A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity

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Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

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RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9

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CRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes

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Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd

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Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression

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Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System

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Life with 6000 Genes

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CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes

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Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity

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Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology

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Cas9–crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria

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Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes

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Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems

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An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems

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CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea

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RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems

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Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product

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C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector

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Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA

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Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements

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Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii

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Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes

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Dynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas System

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RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea

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CRISPR Interference Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococci by Targeting DNA

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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin

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Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

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Multigene editing in the Escherichia coli genome via the CRISPR-Cas9 system

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Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems

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CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies

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Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems

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A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action

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Programmable repression and activation of bacterial gene expression using an engineered CRISPR-Cas system

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Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems

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CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea

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Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials

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Dimeric CRISPR RNA-guided FokI nucleases for highly specific genome editing

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Fusion of catalytically inactive Cas9 to FokI nuclease improves the specificity of genome modification

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The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli

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Biological significance of a family of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria

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Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases

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The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2

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Crystal Structure of Cpf1 in Complex with Guide RNA and Target DNA

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A split-Cas9 architecture for inducible genome editing and transcription modulation

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Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli

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Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems

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Photoactivatable CRISPR-Cas9 for optogenetic genome editing

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Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences: A major component of the bacterial genome

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New CRISPR–Cas systems from uncultivated microbes

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The Heroes of CRISPR

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Virus Population Dynamics and Acquired Virus Resistance in Natural Microbial Communities

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Nature of DNA polymorphism in the direct repeat cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; application for strain differentiation by a novel typing method

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A DNA repair system specific for thermophilic Archaea and bacteria predicted by genomic context analysis

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CRISPR–Cas9-assisted recombineering in Lactobacillus reuteri

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CRISPR-Cas: Adapting to change

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Insertion element IS987 from Mycobacterium bovis BCG is located in a hot-spot integration region for insertion elements in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains

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Transcription at different salinities of Haloferax mediterranei sequences adjacent to partially modified Pst I sites

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Stabilization of translationally active mRNA by prokaryotic REP sequences

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A decade of discovery: CRISPR functions and applications

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Long stretches of short tandem repeats are present in the largest replicons of the Archaea Haloferax mediterranei and Haloferax volcanii and could be involved in replicon partitioning

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Biogenesis pathways of RNA guides in archaeal and bacterial CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity

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Rational design of a split-Cas9 enzyme complex

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Major bacterial lineages are essentially devoid of CRISPR-Cas viral defence systems

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The Revolution Continues: Newly Discovered Systems Expand the CRISPR-Cas Toolkit

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Structure of the CRISPR Interference Complex CSM Reveals Key Similarities with Cascade

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Degradation of Phage Transcripts by CRISPR-Associated RNases Enables Type III CRISPR-Cas Immunity

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The discovery of CRISPR in archaea and bacteria

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Casposons: a new superfamily of self-synthesizing DNA transposons at the origin of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas immunity

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The basic building blocks and evolution of CRISPR–Cas systems

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CRISPR-Cas

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Evolution of adaptive immunity from transposable elements combined with innate immune systems

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Unusual nucleotide arrangement with repeated sequences in the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome

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Insight into Microevolution of Yersinia pestis by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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Cas9-mediated genome editing in the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans

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Novel Virulence Gene and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Subtyping of the Major Serovars ofSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica

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Next Generation Prokaryotic Engineering: The CRISPR-Cas Toolkit

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Type III CRISPR-Cas immunity: major differences brushed aside

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Intrinsic sequence specificity of the Cas1 integrase directs new spacer acquisition

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Subtyping Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolates from Different Sources by Using Sequence Typing Based on Virulence Genes and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs)

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Harnessing CRISPR-Cas9 immunity for genetic engineering

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Casposons: mobile genetic elements that gave rise to the CRISPR-Cas adaptation machinery

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Archaeal CRISPR-based immune systems: exchangeable functional modules

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A Conserved Structural Chassis for Mounting Versatile CRISPR RNA-Guided Immune Responses

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Pyrococcus genome comparison evidences chromosome shuffling-driven evolution

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Self-synthesizing transposons: unexpected key players in the evolution of viruses and defense systems

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Genetic technologies for extremely thermophilic microorganisms of Sulfolobus, the only genetically tractable genus of crenarchaea

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Dark matter in archaeal genomes: a rich source of novel mobile elements, defense systems and secretory complexes

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The casposon-encoded Cas1 protein from Aciduliprofundum boonei is a DNA integrase that generates target site duplications

Hickman, A. B., & Dyda, F. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1180 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Efficient Discrimination within aCorynebacterium diphtheriaeEpidemic Clonal Group by a Novel Macroarray-Based Method

Владиславович, М. И., Narvskaya, O. V., Limeschenko, E., & Вязовая, А. А. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.4.1662-1668.2005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Casposon integration shows strong target site preference and recapitulates protospacer integration by CRISPR-Cas systems

Béguin, P., Charpin, N., Koonin, E. V., Forterre, P., & Krupovìč, M. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw821 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

What history tells us XXXVII. CRISPR-Cas: The discovery of an immune system in prokaryotes

Morange, M. (2015) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-015-9532-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

CRISPR History: Discovery, Characterization, and Prosperity

Han, W., & She, Q. (2017) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Recent Mobility of Casposons, Self-Synthesizing Transposons at the Origin of the CRISPR-Cas Immunity

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Re-engineered RNA-Guided FokI-Nucleases for Improved Genome Editing in Human Cells

Havlicek, S., Shen, Y., Alpagu, Y., Bruntraeger, M. B., Zufir, N. B. M., Phuah, Z. Y., Fu, Z., Dunn, N. R., & Stanton, L. W. (2017) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Structure of Csm2 elucidates the relationship between small subunits of CRISPR‐Cas effector complexes

Venclovas, Č. (2016) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12179 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Cloning of alkaline phosphatase isozyme gene (iap) of Escherichia coli

Nakata, A., Shinagawa, H., & Amemura, M. (1982) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(82)90021-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Finally, Archaea Get Their CRISPR-Cas Toolbox

Gophna, U., Allers, T., & Marchfelder, A. (2017) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.03.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

What history tells us XXXIX. CRISPR-Cas: From a prokaryotic immune system to a universal genome editing tool

Morange, M. (2015) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-015-9575-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing

Mengstie, M. A., & Wondimu, B. Z. (2021) · Biologics: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/btt.s326422 · Cited by 478 · see citing works

CRISPR-based bioengineering in microalgae for production of industrially important biomolecules

Dhokane, D., Shaikh, A., Yadav, A., Giri, N., Bandyopadhyay, A., Dasgupta, S., & Bhadra, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1267826 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Recent Progress and Challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 Engineered Algae and Cyanobacteria

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CRISPR System from Encounter with a Mysterious Repeated Sequence to Genome Editing Technology

Sohrabi, M., Monzavi, Z., abdolahi, Z., salmani, H., sanij, S. D., & Morovvati, A. (2019) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)

History and Classification of CRISPR/Cas System

Khan, Z., Ali, Z., Khan, A. A., Sattar, T., Zeshan, A., Saboor, T., & Binyamin, B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6305-5_2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

A Bacterial Immune Memory Becomes a Genome Editor: A Historical Development Review of CRISPR-Cas Systems

Revista, Z., & BIOLOGY, 1. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22955234

What history tells us XXXVII. CRISPR-Cas: The discovery of an immune system in prokaryotes

Morange, M. (2015) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-015-9532-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

CRISPR–Cas Systems ~ Diversity and Evolution ~

Ishino, Y. (2025) · Nucleic acids and molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03300-0_10