CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Open accessAbstract
The genetic interrogation and reprogramming of cells requires methods for robust and precise targeting of genes for expression or repression. The CRISPR-associated catalytically inactive dCas9 protein offers a general platform for RNA-guided DNA targeting. Here, we show that fusion of dCas9 to effector domains with distinct regulatory functions enables stable and efficient transcriptional repression or activation in human and yeast cells, with the site of delivery determined solely by a coexpressed short guide (sg)RNA. Coupling of dCas9 to a transcriptional repressor domain can robustly silence expression of multiple endogenous genes. RNA-seq analysis indicates that CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)-mediated transcriptional repression is highly specific. Our results establish that the CRISPR system can be used as a modular and flexible DNA-binding platform for the recruitment of proteins to a target DNA sequence, revealing the potential of CRISPRi as a general tool for the precise regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
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- Findingown data
Fusing dCas9 to effector domains allows stable and efficient repression or activation of transcription in human and yeast cells, with the target site determined by a co-expressed short guide RNA.
“Here we show that fusion of dCas9 to effector domains with distinct regulatory functions enables stable and efficient transcriptional repression or activation in human and yeast cells with the site of delivey determined solely by a co-expressed short guide (sg)RNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CRISPRi can simultaneously knock down endogenous CD71 and CXCR4 in HeLa cells.
“In this experiment we found that we can simultaneously knock down endogenous expression of CD71 and CXCR4 (Figure 3E).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
- Findingown data
In yeast, dCas9 blocks rtTA from binding to the TetONVenus reporter, causing 115-fold repression.
“Without dCas9, rtTA strongly activated the reporter, but this induction can be effectively blocked by dCas9 (115 fold repression, Figure 4B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Stable lentivirus-mediated expression of both sgRNA and dCas9 or dCas9-KRAB efficiently and stably knocks down CD71 and CXCR4 in HeLa cells.
“Our data show CD71 and CXCR4 can be efficiently and stably knocked down (Figure 3C–D), providing evidence that CRISPRi can be used like RNAi to suppress endogenous gene expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
- Findingown data
The degree of knockdown for dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB on endogenous genes is strongly correlated.
“Interestingly, a strong correlation exists between the degree of knockdown for dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB for endogenous genes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
- Findingown data
The negative control sgRNA causes minimal off-target effects, as few changes in gene expression were seen in the negative control sample.
“Furthermore, we observed few changes in gene expression in the negative control sample, suggesting that the negative control sgRNA triggers minimal off-target effects (Figure 2 and Figure S3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-p65AD effectively activate reporter gene expression in a HEK293 cell line carrying a Gal4 UAS-GFP reporter.
“Our results revealed that both dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-p65AD can effectively activate reporter gene expression, suggesting that dCas9 can serve as a generic and modular platform for different types of transcriptional control including both repression and activation (Figure 1E).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Stable lentiviral expression of both the sgRNA and dCas9-KRAB robustly silences GFP in HEK293 cells 14 days after infection.
“We found that we can robustly silence GFP expression in HEK293 cells when both the RNA and protein components of CRISPRi are stably expressed in human cells (Figure 1D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Blocking the AP1 enhancer within the SV40 promoter causes stronger silencing than blocking the SP1 enhancer.
“Interestingly, we also observed that blocking the AP1 enhancer caused a stronger silencing effect than blocking the SP1 enhancer within the SV40 promoter (Figure 4A)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The level of expression from the sgRNA vector is linearly related to the amount of GFP remaining in the cell.
“Our results also revealed a linear relationship between the level of expression from the sgRNA vector and the level of GFP remaining within a cell (Figure S2A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Expression of dCas9-KRAB alone results in minimal changes in gene expression.
“Finally, expression of dCas9-KRAB resulted in minimal changes in gene expression (Figure S3C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
sgRNA availability limits how well CRISPRi works.
“The observation that the sgRNA is a limiting factor for CRISPRi function suggests that improvements to RNA stability or loading into dCas9 could improve both CRISPRi and Cas9 mediated genome editing in human cells (Jinek et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In human cells, CRISPRi represses reporter and endogenous genes by 5-15 fold.
“we observed robust gene knockdown of both reporter and endogenous genes (5~15-fold repression in human and 50-fold in yeast).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The present CRISPRi results are a marked advance over the authors' earlier human-cell CRISPRi work.
“Our data here describes a dramatic improvement from our previously published work on CRISPRi in human cells and argues that CRISPRi represents an alternate strategy to RNAi for repressing gene expression in mammalian cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In yeast, CRISPRi represses genes by 50 fold.
“we observed robust gene knockdown of both reporter and endogenous genes (5~15-fold repression in human and 50-fold in yeast).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Some sgRNA targeting constructs fail to work efficiently.
“While we are able to target dCas9 to both endogenous and reporter genes, not all sgRNA targeting constructs work efficiently.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Promoters can be targeted by CRISPRi.
“as we show that promoters and in theory introns can also be targeted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RNA-seq showed that CRISPRi has high specificity and few off-target effects for two different sgRNA sequences.
“Our RNA-seq results show that CRISPRi is highly specific with minimal off-target effects for two distinct sgRNA sequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The dCas9-KRAB fusion protein might recruit chromatin modifying complexes to increase the potency of CRISPRi silencing.
“suggesting that the dCas9-KRAB fusion protein might recruit chromatin modifying complexes to increase the potency of CRISPRi silencing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
dCas9 fusion proteins can functionally mimic multiple native protein interactions, including the KRAB domain of Kox1, VP16, and p65AD.
“dCas9 fusion proteins can functionally mimic multiple native protein interactions, including the KRAB domain of Kox1, VP16 and p65AD (Groner et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Groner et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
dCas9 can serve as a modular RNA-guided platform to recruit different protein effectors to DNA in a highly specific manner in human cells and budding yeast.
“Here, we show that dCas9 can be used as a modular RNA-guided platform to recruit different protein effectors to DNA in a highly specific manner in human cells and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
CRISPRi can be used like RNAi to suppress endogenous gene expression.
“providing evidence that CRISPRi can be used like RNAi to suppress endogenous gene expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
CRISPRi can be used to perturb and map the regulatory functions of DNA elements.
“implying that CRISPRi can be used as a tool for perturbing and mapping regulatory functions of DNA elements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
CRISPRi will be a general method for efficiently and specifically regulating transcription in many eukaryotes.
“Taken together with the present study, these findings suggest that CRISPRi will be a general method for efficiently and specifically regulating transcription in many eukaryotes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The modularity of the dCas9 system offers a new approach for studying transcription, epigenetic regulation, and DNA replication and repair.
“The modularity of the dCas9 system provides a new approach for studying transcription, epigenetic regulation and both DNA replication and repair.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
sgRNA binding to DNA or local chromatin structure may be limiting factors that dictate gene knockdown.
“suggesting that sgRNA binding to DNA or local chromatin structure may be limiting factors which dictate gene knockdown (Figure S4A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
dCas9 can sterically compete with transcription factors that bind DNA tightly.
“This suggests that dCas9 can sterically compete with transcription factors which have tight binding affinity for DNA elements”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
dCas9 can target enhancers, introns, and other noncoding elements to map their regulatory functions on transcription.
“Our results provide evidence that dCas9 can target enhancers, introns, and other noncoding elements to map the regulatory functions of these elements on transcription.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Acting at DNA allows CRISPRi to target many transcript classes, including non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, antisense transcripts, nuclear-localized RNAs, and polymerase III transcripts.
“Furthermore, because CRISPRi acts at the DNA level, one can target transcripts such as non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, antisense transcripts, nuclear localized RNAs, and polymerase III transcripts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: CRISPRi acts at the DNA level.
- Interpretationown data
CRISPRi's knockdown efficiency is similar to that of established methods like RNAi and TALE proteins.
“This is comparable to the efficiency of existing gene knockdown techniques such as RNAi and TALE proteins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
CRISPRi has a substantially larger sequence space available for targeting than RNAi.
“Finally, CRISPRi possesses a much larger targetable sequence space, as we show that promoters and in theory introns can also be targeted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
CRISPRi offers a distinct approach from RNAi for reducing gene expression in mammalian cells.
“Our data here describes a dramatic improvement from our previously published work on CRISPRi in human cells and argues that CRISPRi represents an alternate strategy to RNAi for repressing gene expression in mammalian cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
dCas9 can be used to target a protein to a specific region of DNA.
“Our data demonstrate how dCas9 can be used to target a protein to a specific region of DNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A substantial fraction of the genome is expected to be targetable by dCas9 fusion proteins.
“While we do not yet know what fraction of genes can be silenced by a dCas9 fusion protein, a significant portion of the genome should be targetable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
dCas9 can serve as a generic and modular platform for different types of transcriptional control, including both repression and activation.
“suggesting that dCas9 can serve as a generic and modular platform for different types of transcriptional control including both repression and activation (Figure 1E).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Editing with active Cas9 nuclease can produce off-target genomic changes at sites containing near-cognate DNA seed matches.
“By contrast, genome editing by the catalytically active Cas9 nuclease can be accompanied by off-target genomic alterations which occur at loci where near cognate DNA seed matches exist (Fu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fu et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 14
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn GFP+ HEK293 reporter cells, dCas9-KRAB reduces GFP signal about 5-fold, whereas dCas9 alone, dCas9-CS, and dCas9-WRPW reduce it about 2-fold.
“We found that cells expressing the dCas9-KRAB fusion protein show a 5-fold decrease in GFP signal while cells expressing dCas9 alone, dCas9-CS or dCas9-WRPW show a 2-fold decrease in GFP signal”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataExpression of sgGAL4 or sgGFP-NT1 alone produces no significant on- or off-target effects.
“We also found no evidence for significant on- or off-target effects due to expression of either sgGAL4 or sgGFP-NT1 alone (Figure S3B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown datadCas9-KRAB efficiently represses GFP when targeted to cis-acting proximal elements within the SV40 early promoter, whereas dCas9 alone has no effect.
“We found that while dCas9 alone had no effect on transcription, we efficiently repressed GFP expression with dCas9-KRAB (Figure 4A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong 9 sgRNAs targeting GFP, 6 reduce GFP expression by at least 75%, and the best sgRNA (NT1) gives about 15-fold repression.
“We observed that 6 out of 9 sgRNAs targeting GFP knocked down GFP expression by at least 75% with a ~15-fold repression for the best sgRNA (NT1) (Table S1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataStable dCas9-KRAB expression silences GFP in HEK293 cells, with substantial knockdown 3 days after sgRNA transfection and strong silencing 6 days after transfection.
“We found that stable dCas9-KRAB expression is sufficient to silence GFP with substantial knockdown 3 days following transfection (Figure S1A–B) and strong silencing 6 days following transfection (Figure 1C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCRISPRi-mediated repression is highly specific: RNA-seq shows GFP is the only gene significantly suppressed by the GFP-targeting sgRNA, and no other gene changes by more than 1.5 fold on average across two biological replicates.
“Our results show that CRISPRi is highly specific as GFP is the only gene that is significantly suppressed by the GFP-targeting sgRNA (Figure 2 and Figure S3A). If we average the data from two independent biological replicates, no gene other than GFP changes by more than 1.5 fold.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dCas9 alone represses TEF1-GFP 18-fold, and adding the Mxi1 domain increases repression to 53-fold.
“With dCas9 alone, we observed 18-fold repression, which is increased to 53-fold with addition of the Mxi1 domain (Figure 3F).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown datadCas9 is completely nucleolytically inactive: GFP knockdown cells retain wild-type GFP sequence with no detectable indels.
“We sequenced the GFP reporter locus in these cells to confirm that dCas9 is completely nucleolytically inactive. Here, GFP retained a wild type sequence with no detectable indels in GFP knockdown cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB knock down endogenous CD71 and CXCR4 in HeLa cells, with 3 out of 10 sgRNAs per gene giving significant repression of 60-80%.
“In this experiment we found that both dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB proteins can knock down endogenous expression of CD71 and CXCR4 (Figure 3A–B), with 3 out of 10 sgRNAs for each gene showing significant repression (60–80% repression).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
May combine two claims.
Findingown datadCas9 can be directed to endogenous genes as well as reporter genes.
“While we are able to target dCas9 to both endogenous and reporter genes, not all sgRNA targeting constructs work efficiently.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataThe design of the fusion protein or fusion partner is an important parameter for future optimization.
“arguing that the design of the fusion protein or fusion partner is an important parameter for future optimization efforts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown datadCas9 may not directly block transcription initiation, but dCas9 fusion proteins can silence proximal regulatory elements within a promoter by recruiting chromatin modifiers.
“This suggests that while dCas9 may not be able to directly block the initiation of transcription, dCas9 fusion proteins can silence proximal regulatory elements within a promoter by recruiting chromatin modifiers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenHow specific CRISPRi is across many different sgRNA sequences has not yet been established.
“The specificity of CRISPRi remains to be determined across a broad range of sgRNA sequences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn human cells, the local chromatin environment strongly influences silencing mediated by KRAB.
“In human cells, previous work has demonstrated that local chromatin context is a crucial determinant of KRAB mediated silencing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Groner et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSpecific transcriptional modulation may be easier than genome editing, since most of the human genome is neither transcribed nor needed for transcription control, so dCas9 occupancy at near-cognate sites often would not alter transcription.
“Nonetheless, it may be substantially easier to specifically modulate transcription as only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription thus binding of catalytically inactive dCas9, and it is derivatives, at near cognate sites will often not impact transcription.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningBecause CRISPRi is exogenous, it avoids competition with endogenous pathways like microRNA expression and function.
“As an exogenous system, CRISPRi does not compete with endogenous machinery such as microRNA expression or function.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIntrons are theoretically targetable by CRISPRi.
“as we show that promoters and in theory introns can also be targeted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationKRAB domain recruitment near a genomic region may either fail to affect transcription or fully silence it.
“For example, recruitment of the KRAB domain to adjacent genomic regions can have no effect or can completely silence transcription (Groner et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Groner et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAbout 80% of tested genes were silenceable through KRAB-mediated recruitment of Kap1 and HP1.
“Nonetheless, an exon trapping strategy in which Tet binding sites were randomly inserted in the genome allowing recruitment of a Tetracycline repressor-KRAB fusion protein revealed that ~80% of genes tested can be silenced by KRAB-mediated recruitment of Kap1 and HP1 proteins (Groner et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Groner et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataEach yeast experiment used three replicate cultures, with error bars showing standard deviation.
“Triplicate cultures were measured for each experiment and their standard deviation was indicated as the error bar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
“We designed sgRNAs to target genes encoding cell surface transmembrane proteins, enabling us to use flow cytometry with directly conjugated fluorescent antibodies to quantify gene expression at the single-cell level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription.
“only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription”
The paper relies on this without support.
CRISPRi acts at the DNA level.
“because CRISPRi acts at the DNA level”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CRISPRi and CRISPRa technologies utilize catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to either a transcriptional repressor (e.g., KRAB) or a transcriptional activator (e.g., VPR).
“For example, CRISPRi (interference)23–25 and CRISPRa (activation)26–30 technologies utilize catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to either a transcriptional repressor (e.g., KRAB, Krüppel associated box) or a transcriptional activator (e.g., VPR, VP64-p65-Rta).”
From Large-scale CRISPR screening in primary human 3D gastric organoids enables comprehensive dissection of gene-drug interactions (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results section, “dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription” (page not supplied), describes dCas9-KRAB for repression and dCas9-VP64 or dCas9-p65AD for activation. It supports the general claim about dCas9 fused to transcriptional effectors, but does not describe the specific VPR (VP64-p65-Rta) activator named in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNIST manages a scientific consortium aimed at measuring and standardizing genome editing outcomes as technology advances.
“The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) manages a scientific consortium aimed at measuring and standardizing such outcomes as genome editing technology advances 100 .”
From The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing (2020) · cites this paper as [100]
The Discussion section on future CRISPRi optimization addresses improvements to genome-editing tools, not NIST or a standards consortium. Searches for NIST and for a consortium measuring or standardizing genome-editing outcomes found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCRISPR/Cas9 is a naturally occurring bacterial immune system that protects bacteria from phage infection and has been harnessed for genome-engineering applications.
“Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a naturally occurring bacterial immune system that uses a novel nuclease system to protect bacteria from phage infection (6-9), and it has recently been harnessed for a variety of genome-engineering applications (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).”
From RNA-guided endonuclease provides a therapeutic strategy to cure latent herpesviridae infection (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Gilbert, L. A., Larson, M. H., Morsut, L., Liu, Z., Brar, G. A., Torres, S. E., Stern-Ginossar, N., Brandman, O., Whitehead, E. H., Doudna, J. A., Lim, W. A., Weissman, J. S., & Qi, L. S.
- Affiliations
- QB3 (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Weissman, Jonathan S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 442-451
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3770145
- OpenAlex
- W2101749257
- Cited by
- 3,696
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 195 · 2025: 260 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 374 · 2020: 387 · 2019: 332 · 2018: 328 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 256 · 2015: 187 · 2014: 161 · 2013: 28
- FWCI
- 94.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (U01 CA168370, P50 GM102706, 0540879)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health (GM102706, GM081879)
- University of California, San Francisco (GM081879)
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA168370)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM081879, P50GM102706, GM081879, F32GM100611, GM102706)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- CRISPR interference, dCas9, transcriptional repression, transcriptional activation, gene silencing, CRISPR/Cas9
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Proteins, HeLa Cells, Humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Gene Targeting, HEK293 Cells, RNA, Small Untranslated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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