Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation of the Sabin Strain of Poliovirus Type 3

Guest, Stephen; Pilipenko, Evgeny; Sharma, Kamal; Chumakov, Konstantin; Roos, Raymond P.

doi:10.1128/jvi.78.20.11097-11107.2004

Cited by 101Viral Infections and Immunology ResearchRNA and protein synthesis mechanismsRNA Research and Splicing

Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation of the Sabin Strain of Poliovirus Type 3

Open access

Guest, Stephen, Pilipenko, Evgeny, Sharma, Kamal, Chumakov, Konstantin, Roos, Raymond P.·2004·Journal of Virology

DOI 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11097-11107.2004PMC PMC521805

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Mutations critical for the central nervous system (CNS) attenuation of the Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus (PV) are located within the viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES). We examined the interaction of the IRESs of PV type 3 (PV3) and Sabin type 3 (Sabin3) with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) and a neural cell-specific homologue, nPTB. PTB and nPTB were found to bind to a site directly adjacent to the attenuating mutation, and binding at this site was less efficient on the Sabin3 IRES than on the PV3 IRES. Translation mediated by the PV3 and Sabin3 IRESs in neurons of the chicken embryo spinal cord demonstrated a translation deficit for the Sabin3 IRES that could be rescued by increasing PTB expression in the CNS. These data suggest that the low levels of PTB available in the CNS, coupled to a reduced binding of PTB on the Sabin3 IRES, leads to its CNS-specific attenuation. This study also demonstrates the use of the chicken embryo to easily investigate translation of RNA within a neuron in the CNS of an intact living organism.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11097-11107.2004

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

In Sabin 3, the critical C472U substitution reduces the efficiency of binding of the PTB, required for initiation of translation, to the IRES.
“In Sabin 3, the critical C472U substitution reduces the efficiency of binding of the PTB, required for initiation of translation, to the IRES (65).”
From VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUSES AND THE ENDGAME STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION (2005) · cites this paper as [65]

Both Natural and Designed Micro RNAs Can Inhibit the Expression of Cognate mRNAs When Expressed in Human Cells
Zeng, Y., Wagner, E. J., & Cullen, B. R. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00541-5 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes
Pestova, T. V., KOLUPAEVA, V. G., Lomakin, I. B., Pilipenko, E. V., Shatsky, I. N., Agol, V. I., & Hellen, C. U. T. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111145798 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Self-citation
Canonical eukaryotic initiation factors determine initiation of translation by internal ribosomal entry
Pestova, T., Hellen, C., & Shatsky, I. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.12.6859 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Internal initiation of translation in eukaryotes: the picornavirus paradigm and beyond.
Jackson, R. J., & Kaminski, A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Unique features of internal initiation of hepatitis C virus RNA translation.
Reynolds, J. E., Kaminski, A., Kettinen, H., Grace, K., Clarke, B. E., Carroll, A. R., Rowlands, D. J., & Jackson, R. J. (1995) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00289.x · Cited by 338 · see citing works
A cytoplasmic 57-kDa protein that is required for translation of picornavirus RNA by internal ribosomal entry is identical to the nuclear pyrimidine tract-binding protein.
Hellen, C. U. T., Witherell, G. W., Schmid, M., Shin, S. H., Pestova, T. V., Gil, A., & Wimmer, E. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7642 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Internal ribosomal entry site substitution eliminates neurovirulence in intergeneric poliovirus recombinants.
Gromeier, M., Alexander, L., & Wimmer, E. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2370 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Comparison of Three Nonviral Transfection Methods for Foreign Gene Expression in Early Chicken Embryosin Ovo
Muramatsu, T., Mizutani, Y., Ohmori, Y., et al. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.5882 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Requirement of poly(rC) binding protein 2 for translation of poliovirus RNA
Blyn, L. B., Towner, J. S., Semler, B. L., et al. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.8.6243-6246.1997 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Cooperative Assembly of an hnRNP Complex Induced by a Tissue-Specific Homolog of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein
Markovtsov, V. V., Nikolic, J. M., Goldman, J. A., Turck, C. W., Chou, M., & Black, D. L. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.20.7463-7479.2000 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Efficient targeting of gene expression in chick embryos by microelectroporation
Momose, T., Tonegawa, A., Takeuchi, J., et al. (1999) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1046/j.1440-169x.1999.413437.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine: History of Its Development and Use and Current Challenge to Eliminate Poliomyelitis from the World
Sabin, A. B. (1985) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/151.3.420 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
A cellular protein that binds to the 5'-noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: implications for internal translation initiation.Preprint
Meerovitch, K., Pelletier, J., & Sonenberg, N. (1989) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.3.7.1026 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
RNA-protein interactions in regulation of picornavirus RNA translation
Belsham, G. J., & Sonenberg, N. (1996) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.60.3.499-511.1996 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
unr, a cellular cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with five cold-shock domains, is required for internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus RNAPreprint
Hunt, S. L., Hsuan, J. J., Totty, N., et al. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.4.437 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Conserved structural domains in the 5′-untranslated region of picornaviral genomes: An analysis of the segment controlling translation and neurovirulence
Pilipenko, E. V., Blinov, V. M., Romanova, L. I., Sinyakov, A. N., Maslova, S. V., & Agol, V. I. (1989) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90259-6 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Apaf-1 Internal Ribosome Entry Segment Attains the Correct Structural Conformation for Function via Interactions with PTB and unr
Mitchell, S. A., Spriggs, K. A., Coldwell, M. J., Jackson, R. J., & Willis, A. E. (2003) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00093-5 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Neuronal RNA Binding Protein Nova-1 Recognizes Specific RNA Targets In Vitro and In Vivo
Buckanovich, R. J., & Darnell, R. B. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.6.3194 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Determinants in the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus Sabin 1 RNA that influence the attenuation phenotype
Kawamura, N., Kohara, M., Abe, S., Komatsu, T., Tago, K., Arita, M., & Nomoto, A. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.3.1302-1309.1989 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine
Westrop, G. D., Wareham, K. A., Evans, D. M. A., Dunn, G., Minor, P. D., Magrath, D. I., Taffs, F., Marsden, S. A., Skinner, M. A., & Schild, G. C. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.3.1338-1344.1989 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A brain-enriched polypyrimidine tract-binding protein antagonizes the ability of Nova to regulate neuron-specific alternative splicing
Polydorides, A. D., Okano, H. J., Yang, Y. Y. L., Stefani, G., & Darnell, R. B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.110128397 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The neuronal RNA-binding protein Nova-2 is implicated as the autoantigen targeted in POMA patients with dementia
Yang, Y. Y. L., Yin, G. L., & Darnell, R. B. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13254 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Poly(rC) binding protein 2 binds to stem-loop IV of the poliovirus RNA 5' noncoding region: identification by automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Blyn, L., Swiderek, K., Richards, O. C., Stahl, D. C., Semler, B., & Ehrenfeld, E. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11115 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Characterisation of Two Major Cellular Poly(rC)-Binding Human Proteins, Each Containing Three K-homologous (KH) Domains
Leffers, H. C. B., Dejgaard, K., & Celis, J. E. (1995) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0447h.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Characterisation of Two Major Cellular Poly(rC)-Binding Human Proteins, Each Containing Three K-homologous (KH) Domains
Leffers, H. C. B., Dejgaard, K., & Celis, J. E. (1995) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20581.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y
Monica, N. L., & Racaniello, V. R. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.5.2357-2360.1989 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Internal Ribosome Entry Site (Ires) Activity Ex Vivo and in Transgenic Mice Reveals a Stringent Tissue-Specific Regulation
Créancier, L., Morello, D., Mercier, P., & Prats, A. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.150.1.275 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Polypyrimidine-tract binding protein (PTB) is necessary, but not sufficient, for efficient internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus-2 RNA
Hunt, S. L., & Jackson, R. J. (1999) · RNA · doi:10.1017/s1355838299981414 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Genomes of attenuated and virulent poliovirus strains differ in their in vitro translation efficiencies
Svitkin, Y. V., Maslova, S. V., & Agol, V. I. (1985) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(85)90127-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Reversion to neurovirulence of the live-attenuated Sabin type 3 oral pollovirus vaccine
Cann, A. J., Stanway, G., Hughes, P. J., Minor, P. D., Evans, D. M. A., Schild, G. C., & Almond, J. W. (1984) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/12.20.7787 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Translation of poliovirus RNA: role of an essential cis-acting oligopyrimidine element within the 5' nontranslated region and involvement of a cellular 57-kilodalton protein
Pestova, T. V., Hellen, C. U. T., & Wimmer, E. (1991) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.65.11.6194-6204.1991 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The tetranucleotide UCAY directs the specific recognition of RNA by the Nova K-homology 3 domain
Jensen, K. B., Musunuru, K., Lewis, H. A., Burley, S. K., & Darnell, R. B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.090553997 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Transient Expression of Cellular Polypyrimidine-Tract Binding Protein Stimulates Cap-Independent Translation Directed by Both Picornaviral and Flaviviral Internal Ribosome Entry Sites In Vivo
Gosert, R., Chang, K. H., Rijnbrand, R. C. A., Yi, M., Sangar, D. V., & Lemon, S. M. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.5.1583-1595.2000 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The cellular polypeptide p57 (pyrimidine tract-binding protein) binds to multiple sites in the poliovirus 5' nontranslated region
Hellen, C. U. T., Pestova, T. V., Litterst, M. A., & Wimmer, E. (1994) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.2.941-950.1994 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Unr Is Required In Vivo for Efficient Initiation of Translation from the Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of both Rhinovirus and Poliovirus
Boussadia, O., Niepmann, M., Créancier, L., et al. (2003) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.6.3353-3359.2003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Structural analysis of the interaction of the pyrimidine tract-binding protein with the internal ribosomal entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus RNAs.
KOLUPAEVA, V. G., Hellen, C. U. T., & Shatsky, I. N. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Translation deficiency of the Sabin type 3 poliovirus genome: association with an attenuating mutation C472----U
Svitkin, Y. V., Cammack, N., Minor, P. D., & Almond, J. W. (1990) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90190-3 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Cell proteins bind to multiple sites within the 5' untranslated region of poliovirus RNA.
del Angel, R. M., Papavassiliou, A. G., Fernandez-Tomas, C. B., Silverstein, S. J., & Racaniello, V. R. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.21.8299 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cell‐specific proteins regulate viral RNA translation and virus‐induced disease
Pilipenko, E. V., Viktorova, E. G., Guest, S. T., Agol, V. I., & Roos, R. P. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.23.6899 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Set of Highly Conserved RNA-binding Proteins, αCP-1 and αCP-2, Implicated in mRNA Stabilization, Are Coexpressed from an Intronless Gene and Its Intron-containing Paralog
Makeyev, A. V., Chkheidze, A. N., & Liebhaber, S. A. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.35.24849 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Signal Sequences That Target Nuclear Import and Nuclear Export of Pre-mRNA-binding ProteinsPreprint
Michael, W. M., Siomi, H., Choi, M. H., et al. (1995) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.1995.060.01.071 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A mouse model for poliovirus neurovirulence identifies mutations that attenuate the virus for humans
Monica, N. L., Almond, J. W., & Racaniello, V. R. (1987) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.61.9.2917-2920.1987 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Attenuating mutations in the poliovirus 5' untranslated region alter its interaction with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein
Gutiérrez, A. L. F., Denova-Ocampo, M., Racaniello, V. R., & del Angel, R. M. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.5.3826-3833.1997 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Impaired Binding of Standard Initiation Factors Mediates Poliovirus Translation Attenuation
Ochs, K., Zeller, A., Saleh, L., Bassili, G., Song, Y., Sonntag, A., & Niepmann, M. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.1.115-122.2003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mapping of attenuating sequences of an avirulent poliovirus type 2 strain
Moss, E. G., O'Neill, R. E., & Racaniello, V. R. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.5.1884-1890.1989 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Comparative expression analysis of the genes encoding polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and its neural homologue (brPTB) in prenatal and postnatal mouse brain
Lilleväli, K., Kulla, A., & Örd, T. (2001) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00566-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Characterization of unr; a gene closely linked to N-ras.
Jeffers, M., Paciucci, R., & Pellicer, À. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Interaction of Translation Initiation Factor eIF4B with the Poliovirus Internal Ribosome Entry Site
Ochs, K., Saleh, L., Bassili, G., Sonntag, V. H., Zeller, A., & Niepmann, M. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.5.2113-2122.2002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Tissue-Specific Replicating Capacity of a Chimeric Poliovirus That Carries the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Hepatitis C Virus in a New Mouse Model Transgenic for the Human Poliovirus Receptor
Yanagiya, A., Ohka, S., Hashida, N., Okamura, M., Taya, C., Kamoshita, N., Iwasaki, K., Sasaki, Y., Yonekawa, H., & Nomoto, A. (2003) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.19.10479-10487.2003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Influence of Viral Coding Sequences on the Efficiency of Internal Initiation of Translation of Cardiovirus RNAs
Hunt, S. L., Kaminski, A., & Jackson, R. J. (1993) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1661 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a New Neuron-Specific Homologue of Rat Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein
Kikuchi, T., Ichikawa, M., Arai, J., Tateiwa, H., Fu, L., Higuchi, K., & Yoshimura, N. (2000) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022819 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Role of nova‐1 in regulating α2N, a novel glycine receptor splice variant, in developing spinal cord neurons
Kumar, D. V., Nighorn, A. J., & John, P. A. S. (2002) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.10072 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Notes on the pathogenesis of enterovirus infections
Eggers, H. (1990) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/bf00189608 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUSES AND THE ENDGAME STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION
Kew, O. M., Sutter, R. W., de Gourville, E. M., Dowdle, W. R., & Pallansch, M. A. (2005) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein
Sawicka, K., Bushell, M., Spriggs, K. A., & Willis, A. E. (2008) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0360641 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Crossregulation and Functional Redundancy between the Splicing Regulator PTB and Its Paralogs nPTB and ROD1
Spellman, R., Llorian, M., & Smith, C. W. J. (2007) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.016 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Engineering the Live-Attenuated Polio Vaccine to Prevent Reversion to Virulence
Yeh, M. T., Bujaki, E., Dolan, P. T., Smith, M., Wahid, R., Konz, J., Weiner, A. J., Bandyopadhyay, A. S., Van Damme, P., De Coster, I., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.003 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Neural pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 infection
Weng, K.-F., Chen, L.-L., Huang, P.-N., & Shih, S.-R. (2010) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: A tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event
Mueller, S., Wimmer, E., & Cello, J. (2005) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Comparative aspects on the role of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in internal initiation of hepatitis C virus and picornavirus RNAs
Nishimura, T., Saito, M., Takano, T., et al. (2007) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Advances and Breakthroughs in IRES-Directed Translation and Replication of Picornaviruses
Abdullah, S. W., Wu, J., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00358-23 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Translation of Encephalomyocarditis Virus RNA by Internal Ribosomal Entry
Hellen, C. U. T., & Wimmer, E. (1995) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79663-0_2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Translation from the internal ribosome entry site of bovine viral diarrhea virus is independent of the interaction with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein
Sanderbrand, S. (2000) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00278-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Functional Analyses of RNA Structures Shared between the Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of Hepatitis C Virus and the Picornavirus Porcine Teschovirus 1 Talfan
Chard, L. S., Kaku, Y., Jones, B., et al. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.3.1271-1279.2006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Authors: Guest, S., Pilipenko, E., Sharma, K., Chumakov, K., & Roos, R. P.
Affiliations: Committee on Microbiology
Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (US)
University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Roos, Raymond P.
ORCID: Chumakov, Konstantin
Roos, Raymond P.
Venue: Journal of Virology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2004-10-15
Volume: 78
Issue: 20
Pages: 11097-11107
ISSN: 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
1098-5514
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11097-11107.2004
PMC: PMC521805
OpenAlex: W2115181164
Cited by: 101
References: 53
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Multiple Sclerosis Society
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
Keywords: poliovirus type 3, Sabin vaccine strains, viral attenuation, internal ribosome entry site, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, central nervous system, attenuating mutations, RNA-binding proteins
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding Sites, Cell Line, Chick Embryo, Cricetinae, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mutation, Neurons, Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, Ribosomes, Spinal Cord, Protein Biosynthesis, Virulence, Poliovirus, Electroporation, Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation of the Sabin Strain of Poliovirus Type 3

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks