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Deep marine records of Deccan Trap volcanism before the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction

Sinnesael, Matthias, Percival, Lawrence M.E., Schulz, Toni, Vellekoop, Johan, Goderis, Steven, Daems, Kato, Gao, Yue, Leermakers, Martine, Montanari, Alessandro, Coccioni, Rodolfo, Koeberl, Christian, Claeys, Philippe·2025·Geological Society of America Bulletin
DOI 10.1130/b37446.1
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Abstract

The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary is marked by a large impact and coeval mass extinction event that occurred 66 m.y. ago. Contemporaneous emplacement of the volcanic Deccan Traps also affected global climate before, during, and after the mass extinction. Many questions remain about the timing and eruption rates of Deccan volcanism, its precise forcing of climatic changes, and its signature in the marine geochemical sedimentary proxy record. Here, we compile new and existing mercury (Hg) concentration and osmium isotope (187Os/188Os) records for various stratigraphic sections worldwide. Both geochemical proxies have been suggested to reflect past variations in Deccan volcanic activity. New data from deep marine pelagic carbonate records are compared to contemporaneous records from shallower marine sites correlated through high-resolution cyclostratigraphic age models. The robustness of the proxy records is evaluated on a common timeline and compared to two different Deccan eruption history scenarios. Results show that the global 187Os/188Os signal is clearly reproducible, while the global Hg record does not form a consistent pattern. Moreover, the deep marine sections investigated do not record clear variations in the Hg cycle, particularly in the latest Cretaceous, prior to the extinction event. A detailed reevaluation of the precise depth of the redistribution of impactor-sourced platinum group elements does not exclude the possibility of a minor drop in 187Os/188Os corresponding with a pulse of Deccan volcanism ~50,000 years before the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Simple Os isotope mass balance modeling indicates that the latest Cretaceous was marked by significant levels of basalt weathering. CO2 sequestration during this weathering likely overwhelmed the emission of Deccan volatiles, thereby contributing to the end of the late Maastrichtian warming.

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Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Sinnesael, M., Percival, L. M. E., Schulz, T., Vellekoop, J., Goderis, S., Daems, K., Gao, Y., Leermakers, M., Montanari, A., Coccioni, R., Koeberl, C., & Claeys, P.
Affiliations
  • 1Archaeology, Environmental Changes and Geo-Chemistry Research Group (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
  • 4Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
  • 8Osservatorio Geologico di Coldigioco, Contrada Coldigioco 4, 62021 Apiro, Italy
  • 9Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
ORCID
Venue
Geological Society of America Bulletin
Publisher
Geological Society of America
Published
2024-09-30
Volume
137
Issue
3-4
Pages
1116-1132
ISSN
  • 0016-7606
  • 1943-2674
DOI
10.1130/b37446.1
Cited by
4
References
6
Language
en

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