The rise of predators
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Despite their abundance, diversity, and importance today, organisms with mineralized skeletons are a relatively recent introduction. For the first three billion years of its history, life was soft-bodied, inducing mineralized structures passively, if at all. Beginning ca. 550 Ma, however, more than
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The combination of distal senses and faster movement enabled predation.
“The combination of distal senses and faster movement enabled predation [14], which in turn led to the evolution of defensive mechanisms (shells and burrowing both emerge in the CE) as well as weapons (hard mouth parts appear in arthropods in the CE, as do the first grabbing appendages [15]).”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The rise of predators (pp. 607–608) discusses early predators and defensive skeletons, but does not address distal senses or faster movement as a combination that enabled predation. Searches for those terms and for sensory organs, locomotion, and speed found no passage supporting the attributed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Green biomineralization of magnetic metal ions: comparative mechanisms and emerging applications
Jin, B., Liu, R., Wang, X., Feng, K., Fu, Q., Yanan, S. U., He, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d5tb02352a · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Unanswered Questions in the Evolution of Biomineralisation
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Mesoproterozoic biomineralization: Cyanobacterium-like filamentous siderite sheaths ∼1.4 Ga
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Appearance of Modern Ecological Pyramids: Summing Up
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Corollasphaeridium : a cryptic record of Cambrian loricate protists
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Climate Change and the Anthropocene
Singer, A. J. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429399428-18
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI, THEIR EVOLUTION, ROLE IN NATURE AND IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
Моисеевич, К. В. (2020) · International Scientific Conference "System Analysis in Medicine" (SAM) · doi:10.12737/conferencearticle_5fe01d9d9097a9.40840282
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Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.005
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Patterns of Diversification and Extinction
Etter, W. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_16
McMenamin, M. A. S. (2018) · Springer geology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74256-4_2
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.009
Tubule System of Earliest Shells as a Defense Against MicroboringPreprint
Li, L., Cui, L., Topper, T. P., Betts, M. J., Altanshagai, G., Enkhbaatar, B., Li, G., Li, S., Skovsted, C. B., & Zhang, X. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4584486
Imbalances: Sources of All Change
Knoflacher, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69423-7_8
Cruz, D. R. R., da Silva-Caminha, S. A. F., Sanchez, E. A. M., RUBERT, R. R., Coelho, G. F., de Matos, T. A., de Camargo, A. L. P., do Valle, V. S., & Okubo, J. (2026) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2026.106149
- Authors
- Porter, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Porter, Susannah
- ORCID
- Porter, Susannah
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 607-608
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2682
- OpenAlex
- W2103624425
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Keywords
- predation, soft-bodied organisms, early animal evolution, Cambrian explosion
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