On the co‐evolution of surface oxygen levels and animals
Abstract
Few topics in geobiology have been as extensively debated as the role of Earth's oxygenation in controlling when and why animals emerged and diversified. All currently described animals require oxygen for at least a portion of their life cycle. Therefore, the transition to an oxygenated planet was a prerequisite for the emergence of animals. Yet, our understanding of Earth's oxygenation and the environmental requirements of animal habitability and ecological success is currently limited; estimates for the timing of the appearance of environments sufficiently oxygenated to support ecologically stable populations of animals span a wide range, from billions of years to only a few million years before animals appear in the fossil record. In this light, the extent to which oxygen played an important role in controlling when animals appeared remains a topic of debate. When animals originated and when they diversified are separate questions, meaning either one or both of these phenomena could have been decoupled from oxygenation. Here, we present views from across this interpretive spectrum-in a point-counterpoint format-regarding crucial aspects of the potential links between animals and surface oxygen levels. We highlight areas where the standard discourse on this topic requires a change of course and note that several traditional arguments in this "life versus environment" debate are poorly founded. We also identify a clear need for basic research across a range of fields to disentangle the relationships between oxygen availability and emergence and diversification of animal life.
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The relationship between rising biotic complexity and the oxygenation of the ocean-atmosphere system has come under close scrutiny, producing challenges to the conventional view that increasing oxygen triggered the emergence of animals.
“In part because of this circular reasoning, the relationship between rising biotic complexity and the oxygenation of the ocean-atmosphere system has come under close scrutiny, producing challenges to the conventional view that increasing oxygen triggered the emergence of animals (reviewed in Cole et al., 2020).”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2020
These model results together with the iodine and cerium data suggest an O2 landscape that may have been challenging for early eukaryotic life-and one that may have delayed the first animals.
“These model results from the work of Reinhard et al. (2016), together with the iodine and cerium data, thus suggest an O2 landscape that may have been challenging for early eukaryotic life—and one that may have delayed the first animals (see Cole et al., 2020, for contrasting views).”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2020
Many observations of change around 800 Ma are closer to suggestions than statistically robust trends, and a lack of sufficient age controls challenges confidence about specific timing relationships, synchroneity, or cause-and-effect relationships among proxies.
“Many of the observations are closer to suggestions than statistically robust trends (Cole et al., 2020), and a lack of sufficient age controls challenges our ability to feel comfortable about the specific timing relationships among the proxies, their synchroneity, or possible cause-and-effect relationships.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2020
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Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview
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“Many of the observations are closer to suggestions than statistically robust trends (Cole et al., 2020), and a lack of sufficient age controls challenges our ability to feel comfortable about the specific timing relationships among the proxies, their synchroneity, or possible cause-andeffect relationships.”
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Background
- Authors
- Cole, D. B., Mills, D. B., Erwin, D. H., Sperling, E. A., Porter, S. M., Reinhard, C. T., & Planavsky, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Planavsky, Noah J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-03-16
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 260-281
- ISSN
- 1472-4669 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-4677
- OpenAlex
- W3012249689
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Santa Fe Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- atmospheric oxygenation, origin of animals, animal diversification, early animal evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Fossils, Oxygen, Earth, Planet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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