Cited by 3,137Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesHuman Health and DiseaseGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors

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Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty

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Tanner, J M, Whitehouse, R H·1976·Archives of Disease in Childhood

DOI 10.1136/adc.51.3.170PMC PMC1545912

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Abstract

New charts for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity are presented for clinical (as opposed to population survey) use. They are based on longitudinal-type growth curves, using the same data as in the British 1965 growth standards. In the velocity standards centiles are given for children who are early- and late-maturing as well as for those who mature at the average age (thus extending the use of the previous charts). Limits of normality for the age of occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt are given and also for the successive stages of penis, testes, and pubic hair development in boys, and for stages of breast and pubic hair development in girls.

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Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291 · Cited by 5,963
Self-citation
Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147
Self-citation
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence
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Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. II.
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Self-citation
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[1]1. Tajczt i 17ml on July 20, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://adc.bmj.com/ Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.51.3.170 on 1 March 1976. Downloaded from
[6]6. Tanner, J. M. (1962). Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
[10]10. Correspondence to Professor J. M. Tanner, Depart- ment of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH. on July 20, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://adc.bmj.com/ Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.51.3.170 on 1 March 1976. Downloaded from

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Background
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Poomthavorn, P., Maixner, W., & Zacharin, M. (2008) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2007.121137 · Cited by 63
Dietary fatty acid intake, its food sources and determinants in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study
Vyncke, K. E., Libuda, L., Vriendt, T. D., Moreno, L. A., Winckel, M. V., Μanios, Y., Gottrand, F., Molnár, D., Vanaelst, B., Sjöstróm, M., et al. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451200030x · Cited by 63
“Pubertal status (stages I–V) was assessed by a medical doctor according to Tanner & Whitehouse((36)), based on breast development and pubic hair status in females and genital and pubic hair development in males.”
Method
The Cascading Effects of Externalizing Behaviors and Academic Achievement Across Developmental Transitions: Implications for Prevention and Intervention
Okano, L., Jeon, L., Crandall, A., Powell, T. W., & Riley, A. G. (2019) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01055-9 · Cited by 63
A 21‐week bone deposition promoting exercise programme increases bone mass in young people with Down syndrome
González‐Agüero, A., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Gómez‐Cabello, A., Ara, I., Moreno, L. A., & Casajús, J. A. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04262.x · Cited by 63
“Pubertal development was determined by direct observation by a physician according to the five stages proposed by Tanner and Whitehouse.20”
Method
Vitamin D deficiency and its associated risk factors in children and adolescents in southern Iran
Saki, F., Dabbaghmanesh, M. H., Omrani, G. R., & Bakhshayeshkaram, M. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001925 · Cited by 63
“Pubertal stage was determined according to Tanner’s five-stage classification((19)).”
Method
Serum Leptin Levels Correlate with Growth Hormone Secretion and Body Fat in Children
Fors, H., Matsuoka, H., Bosaeus, I. G., Rosberg, S., Wikland, K. A., & Bjarnason, R. G. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6035 · Cited by 63
Pediatric ACL injuries: evaluation and management
Mall, N. A., & Paletta, G. A. (2013) · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12178-013-9169-8 · Cited by 63
“The Tanner staging system [52] has been used as a method for assessing growth remaining, and is one of the more common systems used in prior pediatric ACL reconstruction literature.”
Method
Insights into the Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Fatigue in Boys and Men
Ratel, S., Kluka, V., García-Vicencio, S., Jegu, A. G., Cardenoux, C., Morio, C., Coudeyre, E., & Martin, V. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000697 · Cited by 63
“The following two methods were used to assess children_s maturation: 1) Tanner stages were determined from self-reported assessment on the basis of pubic hair and testicular/penis development (44), the children being assisted by their parents while completing the questionnaire; 2) age from peak height velocity (APHV)…”
Method
Anthropometry of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta
Lund, A. M., Müller, J., & Skovby, F. (1999) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.80.6.524 · Cited by 63
Adolescent Health and the Environment
Golub, M. S. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108355 · Cited by 61
Low–Saturated Fat Dietary Counseling Starting in Infancy Improves Insulin Sensitivity in 9-Year-Old Healthy Children
Kaitosaari, T., Rönnemaa, T., Viikari, J. S. A., Raitakari, O. T., Arffman, M., Marniemi, J., Kallio, K., Pahkala, K., Jokinen, E. V., & Simell, O. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1523 · Cited by 65
Age and gender specific serum lipid and apolipoprotein fractiles of Finnish children and young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Porkka, K. V. K., Viikari, J., Rönnemaa, T., Marniemi, J., & Åkerblom, H. (1994) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13155.x · Cited by 65
Long-term results after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries in early infancy.
Mahony, L., Turley, K., Ebert, P. A., & Heymann, M. A. (1982) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.66.2.253 · Cited by 63
Sequential changes in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF- binding proteins in children with end-stage liver disease before and after successful orthotopic liver transplantation
Holt, R. I. G., Jones, J. S., Stone, N. M., Baker, A., & MIELL, J. P. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.1.8550746 · Cited by 63
Effects on growth of single short courses of fluoroquinolones.
Bethell, D. B., Hien, T. T., Phi, L. T., Day, N. P., Vinh, H., Duong, N. M., Len, N. V., Chuong, L. V., & White, N. J. (1996) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.74.1.44 · Cited by 63
Mother-daughter differences in menarcheal age in adolescent girls attending national dance company schools and non-dancers
Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Warren, M. P. (1988) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014468800009441 · Cited by 65
Permanent hypopituitarism is rare after structural traumatic brain injury in early childhood
Heather, N. L., Jefferies, C., Hofman, P. L., Derraik, J. G. B., Brennan, C., Kelly, P., Hamill, J. K. M., Jones, R. G., Rowe, D. L., & Cutfield, W. S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2284 · Cited by 62
Short and Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone in Children and Adolescents With GH Deficiency
Ranke, M. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.720419 · Cited by 65
Estrogen Receptor α Gene Polymorphisms and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Children and Young Adults
Boot, A. M., van der Sluis, I. M., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., van Meurs, J. B. J., Krenning, E. P., Pols, H. A. P., & Uitterlinden, A. G. (2004) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-003-0168-4 · Cited by 60
“As validated previously [23], pubertal development was evaluated by self-assessment of breast and pubic hair stage in girls and genitalia and pubic hair stage in boys, according to the method of Tanner and Whitehouse [24].”
Intraarticular stabilization following anterior cruciate ligament injury in children and adolescents
Nikolaou, P. K., Kalliakmanis, A., Bousgas, D., & Zourntos, S. (2011) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-010-1375-y · Cited by 62
“The potential of remaining skeletal growth was evaluated using the criteria of Tanner [41].”
Method
Celiac Disease: Presentation of 109 Children
Kuloğlu, Z., Kırşaçlıoğlu, C. T., Kansu, A., Ensarı, A., & Girgin, N. (2009) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.5.617 · Cited by 62
The effect of weight loss magnitude on pro‐/anti‐inflammatory adipokines and carotid intima–media thickness in obese adolescents engaged in interdisciplinary weight loss therapy
Masquio, D. C. L., de Piano, A., Sanches, P. D. L., Corgosinho, F. C., Campos, R. M. D. S., Carnier, J., da Silva, P. L., Caranti, D. A., Tock, L., Oyama, L. M., et al. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04504.x · Cited by 62
Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2008. Nuevos patrones antropométricos
Carrascosa, A., Fernández, J. M., Fernández, C., Ferrández, A., López‐Siguero, J. P., Sánchez, E. M., Sobradillo, B., & Yeste, D. (2008) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/s1575-0922(08)75845-5 · Cited by 62
Bone properties and muscle strength of young haemophilia patients
Falk, B., Portal, S., TIKTINSKY, R., Zigel, L., Weinstein, Y., Constantini, N., Kenet, G., Eliakim, A., & Martinowitz, U. P. (2005) · Haemophilia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2005.01116.x · Cited by 62
Bone Quantitative Ultrasound and Bone Mineral Density in Children with Celiac Disease
Hartman, C., Hino, B., Lerner, A., Eshach‐Adiv, O., Berkowitz, D., Shaoul, R. R., Pacht, A., Rozenthal, E., Tamir, A., Shamaly, H., et al. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb00899.x · Cited by 62
Small Birth Weight and Later Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Adolescents: The AVENA Study
Labayen, I., Moreno, L. A., Ruiz, J. R., González‐Gross, M., Wärnberǵ, J., Breidenassel, C., Ortega, F. B., Marcos, A., Bueno, M., & The AVENA Study Group (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.258 · Cited by 62
“Pubertal status was classified according to the method of Tanner (”
Method
Time of onset of sperm production in boys
Richardson, D. C., & Short, R. V. (1978) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932000024044 · Cited by 63
Associations of physical activity with muscular fitness in adolescents
Martínez‐Gómez, D., Welk, G. J., Puertollano, M. A. A., Del-Campo, J., Morales, J. M. M., Marcos, A., Veiga, Ó. L., & AFINOS Study Group (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01036.x · Cited by 65
“V) was assessed according to Tanner and Whitehouse (1976) breast development and pubic hair in adolescent girls, and pubic hair in adolescent boys.”
Method
Los adolescentes físicamente activos presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener una capacidad cardiovascular saludable independientemente del grado de adiposidad. The European Youth Heart Study
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Hurtig‐Wennlöf, A., & Sjöstróm, M. (2008) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1157/13116199 · Cited by 61
Vitamin D deficiency and its risk factors in Malaysian children with epilepsy
Fong, C. Y., Kong, A. N., Poh, B. K., Mohamed, A. R., Khoo, T. B., Ng, R. L., Noordin, M., Nadarajaw, T., & Ong, L. C. (2016) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13443 · Cited by 61
“Pubertal status was assessed using the Tanner staging: pubertal onset was defined for girls with breast stage ≥stage two and for boys with testicular volume >4 ml.(16) Skin pigmentation was measured using the Fitzpatrick’s classification, which has six types of skin pigmentation ranging from type one (lightest) to typ…”
Method
Monitoring Age-Group Swimmers Over a Training Macrocycle: Energetics, Technique, and Anthropometrics
Zacca, R., Azevedo, R. M. S., Chainok, P., Vilas‐Boas, J. P., Castro, F. A. D. S., Pyne, D. B., & Fernandes, R. J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002762 · Cited by 61
“Maturational status was verified by a valid and reliable self-assessment of secondary sexual characteristics (34).”
Method
Protein Intake and Bone Health
Bonjour, J., Chevalley, T., Amman, P., & Rizzoli, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_20 · Cited by 63
Intra-articular Traumatic Disorders of the Knee in Children and Adolescents
Vaquero, J., Vidal, C., & Cubillo, A. (2005) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000156002.16750.8d · Cited by 61
Long-term effects of weight reduction on serum lipids and plasma insulin in obese children
Knip, M., & Nuutinen, O. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.4.490 · Cited by 61
Genotype-phenotype associations in non-classical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Weintrob, N., Brautbar, C., Pertzelan, A., Josefsberg, Z., Dickerman, Z., Kauschansky, A., Lilos, P., Peled, D., Phillip, M., & Israel, S. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1430397 · Cited by 59
Ethnic differences in the relationship between body mass index and percentage body fat among Asian children from different backgrounds
Liu, A., Byrne, N. M., Kagawa, M., Ma, G., Poh, B. K., Ismail, M. N., Kijboonchoo, K., Nasreddine, L., Trinidad, T. P., & Hills, A. P. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511001681 · Cited by 63
“The pubertal status of each participant was assessed by trained investigators according to the criteria of Tanner & Whitehouse (18) .”
Bone mass in male and female children and adolescents with Down syndrome
González‐Agüero, A., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Moreno, L. A., & Casajús, J. A. (2010) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1443-7 · Cited by 60
“Pubertal development was determined by direct observation according to the five stages proposed by Tanner and Whitehouse [19].”
Method
Abnormal vascular reactivity at rest and exercise in obese boys
Karpoff, L., Vinet, A., Schuster, I., Oudot, C., Goret, L., Dauzat, M., Obert, P., & Pérez‐Martin, A. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02068.x · Cited by 60
Influence of socioeconomic factors on fitness and fatness in Spanish adolescents: The AVENA study
Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Chillón, P., Castillo, R., Artero, E. G., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Rey-López, J. P., Gracia‐Marco, L., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.3109/17477160903576093 · Cited by 60
Risk Factors for Cyclosporin A Nephrotoxicity in Children with Steroid-Dependant Nephrotic Syndrome
Kengne, S.-W., Massella, L., Diomedi‐Camassei, F., Gianviti, A., Vivarelli, M., Greco, M., Stringini, G., & Emma, F. (2009) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.01520209 · Cited by 60
“Whitehouse reference charts (7), bone mineral density was expressed as”
Background
Hip flexibility is the main determinant of the back-saver sit-and-reach test in adolescents
Chillón, P., Castro‐Piñero, J., Ruiz, J. R., Soto-Hermoso, V. M., Carbonell‐Baeza, A., Dafos, J., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Castillo, M. J., & Ortega, F. B. (2010) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640411003606234 · Cited by 60
“Trained interviewers asked the adolescents to classify themselves into one of five stages of pubertal maturity defined by Tanner and Whitehouse ( 1976 ).”
Background
The Impact of Sport Participation on Bone Mass and Geometry in Male Adolescents
Vlachopoulos, D., BARKER, A. R., Williams, C. A., Arngrímsson, S. Á., KNAPP, K. M., Metcalf, B. S., Fatouros, I. G., Moreno, L. A., & Gracia‐Marco, L. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001091 · Cited by 60
“Sexual maturation was self-reported using adapted drawings of the five stages (Tanner) of pubic hair (30).”
Method
Molecular Screening of MKRN3, DLK1, and KCNK9 Genes in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty
Grandone, A., Capristo, C., Cirillo, G., Sasso, M., Umano, G. R., Mariani, M., del Giudice, E. M., & Perrone, L. (2017) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000477441 · Cited by 59
The Skeletal Phenotype of Men with Previous Constitutional Delay of Puberty
Yap, F. K. P., Högler, W., BRIODY, J. N., Moore, B., Howman-Giles, R. B., & Cowell, C. T. C. T. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0046 · Cited by 60

Authors: Tanner, J. M., & Whitehouse, R. H.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Venue: Archives of Disease in Childhood
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1976-03-01
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 170-179
ISSN: 0003-9888 (ISSN-L)
1468-2044
DOI: 10.1136/adc.51.3.170
PMC: PMC1545912
OpenAlex: W2161209070
Cited by: 3,137
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 118
FWCI: 10.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Archives of Disease in Childhood (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Nuffield Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Keywords: growth standards, height-for-age, weight-for-age, height velocity, weight velocity, longitudinal growth curves, pubertal stage, pubertal growth spurt, sexual maturation, pubic hair development, breast development
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Body Height, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Growth, Hair, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Penis, Puberty, Testis, Time Factors

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Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty

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