Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula
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This study examined the faecal flora on days 4, 14, and 28 of 17 breast fed babies and 26 bottle fed babies receiving a modern infant formula based on demineralized whey. Generally among breast fed babies bifidobacteria and staphylococci were the predominant organisms, whereas in the formula fed babies the predominant organisms were enterococci, coliforms, and clostridia. Despite the extensive modification of cows' milk to make an infant formula resemble human breast milk, the results are very similar to those previously reported with unmodified cows' milk baby feeds. The exact dietary factor responsible for these microbiological differences is unclear and in succeeding papers we have looked at the effects of protein quality, in particular the content of whey proteins, casein, and lactoferrin.
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Many studies show a higher proportion of Bifidobacteria in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, and this difference is thought to be secondary to human milk oligosaccharide effects.
“Some of the differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in breast-fed vs formula-fed infants are thought to be secondary to the effects of MOS on these bacteria—many studies have shown an increased proportion of Bifidobacteria in breast-fed infants 6, 7, 11 compared to formula-fed infants.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Balmer, S. E., & Wharton, B. A.
- ORCID
- Wharton, B A
- Venue
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1989-12-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1672-1677
- ISSN
- 0003-9888 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2044
- PMC
- PMC1792917
- OpenAlex
- W2114187742
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Disease in Childhood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Keywords
- infant gut microbiota, fecal microbiota, breast milk, infant formula, demineralized whey, Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, coliform bacteria, Clostridia, cow's milk formula, whey protein, casein, lactoferrin, neonates
- MeSH terms
- Bifidobacterium, Bottle Feeding, Breast Feeding, Escherichia coli, Feces, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Infant Food, Infant, Newborn, Male, Staphylococcus
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