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‘Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence’
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Between March and June 2004, a systematic review was carried out of the research evidence on the effectiveness of yoga for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders. Eight studies were reviewed. They reported positive results, although there were many methodological inadequacies. Owing to the diversity of conditions treated and poor quality of most of the studies, it is not possible to say that yoga is effective in treating anxiety or anxiety disorders in general. However, there are encouraging results, particularly with obsessive compulsive disorder. Further well conducted research is necessary which may be most productive if focused on specific anxiety disorders.
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“In Path to Holistic Health (2001), however, he dedicates a section to āsana with props and calls on tradition to underwrite his new interest:”
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Herring, M. P., Lindheimer, J. B., & O’Connor, P. J. (2013) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613508542 · Cited by 72
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Sudarshan Kriya Yoga for Improving Antioxidant Status and Reducing Anxiety in Adults
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Effect of a Home-Based Simple Yoga Program in Child-Care Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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“…changes in the students that participated in the Yoga programme and those in a non-intervened control group, supported previous research findings (Kirkwood et al., 2005; Li & Goldsmith, 2012; Shapiro et al., 2007) that show a particular potential of this type of programmes in preventing anxiety.”
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The impact of mind-body awareness training on the early learning of a brain-computer interface
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“…as Nidra, Vinyasa, and Hatha in addition to related meditative practices such as Mindfulness and Transcendental Meditation all employ particular mental techniques that produce increases and decreases in the spectral power of the alpha and theta band during the meditative state of the mind 44–46 .”
BackgroundCardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients during fentanyl‐midazolam anaesthesia*
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Effects of yoga on eating disorders—A systematic review
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Köhn, M., Lundholm, U. P., Bryngelsson, I., Anderzén‐Carlsson, A., & Westerdahl, E. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/215348 · Cited by 45
“However, methodological inadequacies were identified in several of the included studies [28].”
BackgroundMethodYoga in Deutschland - Ergebnisse einer national repräsentativen Umfrage
Cramer, H. (2015) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000439468 · Cited by 45
A prospective study using Hatha Yoga for stress reduction among women waiting for IVF treatment
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Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Vousoura, E., Diamond, M. C., & Miller, L. (2019) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000202 · Cited by 41
“There have been several qualitative reviews that have examined the effectiveness of yoga and anxiety (Chugh-Gupta, Baldassarre, & Vrkljan, 2013; da Silva et al., 2009; Field, 2011; Kirkwood, Rampes, Tuffrey, Richardson, & Pilkington, 2005; Li & Goldsmith, 2012).”
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Medina, J., Hopkins, L., Powers, M., Baird, S. O., & Smits, J. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1028433 · Cited by 44
Moliver, N., Mika, E., Chartrand, M., Burrus, S. W. M., Haussmann, R., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2011) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.85490 · Cited by 44
“bearers are frequently prescribed medication, including cardiovascular conditions,[34] diabetes,[35,36] chronic pain,[37] and mood disorders.[38,39] There is even biological evidence that mind/body practices create changes in genomic expression in both short and long terms.”
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“[14,15,16,17,18] This is not surprising given the dominance of these two disorders in psychiatry and in the general public.”
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Evans, S., Cousins, L. A., Tsao, J. C. I., Sternlieb, B., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-15 · Cited by 43
“Out of five RCTs of yoga for depression, beneficial effects were reported in four [49].”
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“The integrative therapy administered to him not only helped manage his physiological symptoms, but also helped control his anxiety and stress (see for example [92, 93] for reviews on Yoga for anxiety).”
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Using yoga to treat disease: An evidence-based review
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“Research supports that the practice of yoga is effective in the management of anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and specific phobias ( Kirkwood and Rampes, 2005”
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“[4] There is mounting evidence that yoga reduces anxiety symptoms.[7] A recent randomized controlled study found encouraging results of mindfulness-based interventions in GAD patients even when the interventions are delivered remotely via the Internet.”
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“Yoga is increasingly being recognised as an effective adjunct therapy for a range of mental health conditions, including depression [10,12,29], anxiety [10,21,34] and stress [28,36].”
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“Numerous studies on yoga document significant improvements in mood[8,9,10,11] and stresscoping[10,12], as well as improved performance on cognitive[9,13], psychomotor[9,14], and physical[8,9,15] tasks, suggesting that yoga practice is not only a good intervention for the improvement of disease, but also for the majori…”
BackgroundYoga and physiotherapy: A speculative review and conceptual synthesis
Posadzki, P., & Parekh, S. (2009) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-009-0066-0 · Cited by 35
Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures.
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Kovalsky, S., Hasisi, B., Haviv, N., & Elisha, E. (2020) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x20914494 · Cited by 35
"Merging Yoga and Occupational Therapy (MY-OT): A feasibility and pilot study".
Schmid, A., Puymbroeck, M. V., Portz, J., Atler, K., & Fruhauf, C. A. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.08.003 · Cited by 30
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“For example, meta-analyses have not supported evidence of improvement of asthma [24] or menopausal symptoms[31].”
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“Other forms of alternative treatments include exercise [ 8 , 107 ], mindfulness-based stress reduction [ 45 , 148 ], yoga and massage therapy [ 32 , 65 , 113 ], with promising results for the anxiety disorders and for chronic pain conditions but to our knowledge these have not been tested in individuals with comorbid…”
BackgroundEffect of yoga and mindfulness on psychological correlates in young athletes: A meta-analysis
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“, Iyengar, Viniyoga, Sivananda) emphasize the content of physical postures (asanas), breathing exercises (pranayama), meditation, and mindfulness practices that cultivate awareness and states of consciousness [38].”
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“Specifically, studies show that yoga reduces stress [15] and improves mood [16, 17], self-efficacy [18], mindfulness [19, 20], self-compassion [21, 22], and distress tolerance [23, 24].”
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A pilot study of a yoga group for survivors of acquired brain injury in a community setting
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Khalsa, S. B. S. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27
Evaluation of the Benefits of a Kripalu Yoga Program for Police Academy Trainees: A Pilot Study
Jeter, P. E., Cronin, S., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2013) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/ijyt.23.1.3x94511x3u47n0q5 · Cited by 27
Paikkatt, B., Singh, A., Singh, P., Jahan, M., & Ranjan, J. K. (2015) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.171837 · Cited by 27
“established its efficacy in various anxiety disorders like obsessive‐compulsive disorder;[2] on anxiety, depression, and tension.[3,4] Yoga has proved its efficacy in treating patients suffering from mild to moderate level of depression,[5,6] and is associated with improved mood, and may be a useful way of reducing st…”
BackgroundDevelopment of a holistic wellness model for managers in tertiary institutions
Botha, P. A., & Brand, H. (2009) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v7i1.208 · Cited by 27
Yoga experience as a predictor of psychological wellness in women over 45 years
Moliver, N., Mika, E., Haussmann, R., Khalsa, S. B. S., & Chartrand, M. (2013) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.105937 · Cited by 27
“Findings of this study were generally consistent with prior research findings showing improved well-being after brief yoga interventions.[16-26] However, this study is the first to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between extent of yoga experience and measures of psychological wellness.”
BackgroundResultMindfulness, spiritual well-being, and visual impairment: An exploratory study
Marquès-Brocksopp, L. (2014) · British Journal of Visual Impairment · doi:10.1177/0264619614528343 · Cited by 26
“This echoes the findings in the literature on the use of mindfulness practices for improving emotional well-being by reducing symptoms of stress (Chong, Tsunaka, Tsang, Chan, & Cheung, 2011), depression (Pilkington, Kirkwood, Rampes, & Richardson, 2005), and anxiety (Kirkwood et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGordon, L., McGrowder, D. A., Pena, Y. T., Cabrera, E., & Lawrence-Wright, M. (2012) · Journal of Laboratory Physicians · doi:10.4103/0974-2727.98665 · Cited by 26
“Although the exact mechanism is unknown, evidence suggests that the combination of these behaviors are most beneficial when utilized together.[21] Hatha yoga is one form of physical activity that, based upon previous research, may show promise for improving the health of caregivers.”
BackgroundLa práctica del «estar atento» (mindfulness) en medicina. Impacto en pacientes y profesionales
García‐Campayo, J. (2008) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1157/13124130 · Cited by 27
Feldenkrais Method, Alexander Technique, and Yoga—Body Awareness Therapy in the Performing Arts
Schlinger, M. C. (2006) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2006.07.002 · Cited by 26
Reychler, G., Poncin, W., Montigny, S. V., Luts, A., Caty, G. D., & Pieters, T. (2019) · Respiratory Medicine and Research · doi:10.1016/j.resmer.2019.04.002 · Cited by 25
Yoga in the management of anxiety disorders
Joshi, A. M., & Sousa, A. D. (2012) · Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4038/sljpsyc.v3i1.4452 · Cited by 26
“practice, the standard components are specific postures (asanas), breathing exercises (pranayamas), and meditation (dhyana) (4,5).”
BackgroundYoga and Spirituality in Mental Health: Illness to Wellness
Kishan, P. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620946995 · Cited by 27
Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey
Ilavarasu, J. V., Rajesh, S. K., Babu, N., & Dayananda, H. (2013) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.123490 · Cited by 24
“asthma,[4] and anxiety[5] are few examples.”
Effect of a single session of yoga and meditation on stress reactivity: A systematic review
Mandlik, G. V., Siopis, G., Nguyen, B., Ding, D., & Edwards, K. M. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3324 · Cited by 23
Integrating yoga into psychotherapy: The ethics of moving from the mind to the mat
Kamradt, J. M. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.01.003 · Cited by 23
Yoga and Qigong for Health: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Boaventura, P., Jaconiano, S., & Ribeiro, F. M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070222 · Cited by 26
“[35] stated that, at that time (2005), it was not possible to affirm that yoga was effective for treating anxiety or anxiety disorders [35].”
BackgroundThe influence of hatha yoga on stress, anxiety, and suppression: A randomized controlled trial
Szaszkó, B., Schmid, R. R., Pomper, U., Maiworm, M., Laiber, S., Tschenett, H., Nater, U. M., & Ulrich Ansorge, A. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104075 · Cited by 32
Investigating the Perceived Feasibility of Integrative Medicine in a Conventional Oncology Setting
Slocum, S. L., Howard, A. F., Balneaves, L. G., & Kazanjian, A. (2012) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735412443851 · Cited by 23
“Particularly, studies involving yoga therapy have found that the rates of depression and fatigue are decreased among participants whereas quality of life measurements show increased trends.(12-17) The findings from this study will be used to inform the integration of a sustainable yoga therapy program into a conventio…”
BackgroundHill, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2012-0007 · Cited by 23
“These basic themes run through modern-day Western yoga with a focus on postures, muscle strengthening, stretching, breathing exercises and meditation [21].”
BackgroundRanjita, R., Badhai, S., Hankey, A., & Nagendra, H. R. (2016) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.183714 · Cited by 24
“[60] Another study has similarly obtained unclear effects following yoga intervention.[61]”
BackgroundIs Yoga an Effective Treatment for Low Back Pain: A Research Review
Kelly, Z. (2009) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/ijyt.19.1.r810550078602214 · Cited by 23
Implication of asana, pranayama and meditation on telomere stability
Abraham, J., & Rathore, M. (2018) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_51_17 · Cited by 23
“the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress and regulation of the sympathetic nervous system.[61]”
BackgroundKamath, A., Urval, R. P., & Shenoy, A. K. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/2450670 · Cited by 27
“However, owing to the diversity of conditions treated and methodological issues in many studies, the evidence to support the effectiveness of yoga in treating anxiety or anxiety disorders, in general, requires further research [3].”
BackgroundStec, K., Kruszewski, M., & Ciechanowski, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042845 · Cited by 22
Jacobs, S. S. (2014) · Children · doi:10.3390/children1030424 · Cited by 22
“Yoga aims to improve physical strength and flexibility as well as mental health through toning, stretching and relaxation training, and has been shown to affect the autonomic nervous system [63,64], reducing levels of salivary cortisol, plasma renin levels and urine nor-epinephrine and epinephrine”
BackgroundFeasibility and Safety of Intradialysis Yoga and Education in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Birdee, G. S., Rothman, R. L., Sohl, S. J., Wertenbaker, D., Wheeler, A. E., Bossart, C., Balasire, O., & Ikizler, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2015.02.004 · Cited by 22
Yoga Research a Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16
Gupta, B., Ahmed, K. M., Dhawan, S., & Gupta, R. (2018) · Pharmacognosy Journal · doi:10.5530/pj.2018.3.65 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., Tuffrey, V, Richardson, J., & Pilkington, K.
- Affiliations
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Westminster (GB)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pilkington, K
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-11-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 884-891
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1725091
- OpenAlex
- W2132104009
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- yoga, anxiety, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, treatment effectiveness, complementary therapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Yoga, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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