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‘Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence’
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Between March and June 2004, a systematic review was carried out of the research evidence on the effectiveness of yoga for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders. Eight studies were reviewed. They reported positive results, although there were many methodological inadequacies. Owing to the diversity of conditions treated and poor quality of most of the studies, it is not possible to say that yoga is effective in treating anxiety or anxiety disorders in general. However, there are encouraging results, particularly with obsessive compulsive disorder. Further well conducted research is necessary which may be most productive if focused on specific anxiety disorders.
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“Previous reviews demonstrate that yoga is effective as a complementary treatment method for major depression (18, 19), anxiety disorders (19) and obsessive–compulsive disorders (20).”
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“2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine been shown to decrease anxiety [25], distress [26], blood pressure [26], pain [27, 28], and fatigue [29].”
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Puymbroeck, M. V., Payne, L. L., & Hsieh, P.-C. (2007) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/nem075 · Cited by 92
Functional Improvements in Parkinson’s Disease Following a Randomized Trial of Yoga
Puymbroeck, M. V., Walter, A. A., Hawkins, B. L., Sharp, J. L., Woschkolup, K., Urrea‐Mendoza, E., Revilla, F. J., Adams, E. V., & Schmid, A. A. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/8516351 · Cited by 91
“Although the exact mechanism is unknown, evidence suggests that the combination of postures and breathing ismost beneficial when they are utilized together [20] and is considered to produce different effects than simple exercise [21].”
BackgroundYoga: A spiritual practice with therapeutic value in psychiatry
Varambally, S. S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.05.003 · Cited by 91
“A review in 2005 suggested that there was not enough evidence to definitely conclude that yoga was an effective treatment for anxiety disorders (Kirkwood et al., 2005).”
BackgroundBazzano, A. N., Anderson, C. E., Hylton, C., & Gustat, J. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s157503 · Cited by 128
“Encouraging results were also found in two reviews for yoga as a means of addressing anxiety and anxiety disorders in adults,(14,15) but these identified similar limitations and the additional limitation of heterogeneous outcomes within individual studies.(14) Yoga-based interventions were also found to have a suggest…”
Taneja, D. (2014) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/0970-0218.132716 · Cited by 90
Burnweit, C. A., Zerpa, J., Nahmad, M., Lankau, C. A., Weinberger, M., Malvezzi, L., Smith, L., Shapiro, T., & Thayer, K. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.037 · Cited by 92
Macy, R. J., Jones, E. D., Graham, L. M., & Roach, L. (2015) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015620834 · Cited by 88
“Five of the reviews reported using a standardized data extraction form created by the researchers to ensure consistency of the data extraction processes (Cramer et al., 2013; D’Silva et al., 2012; Kirkwood et al., 2005; Krisanaprakornkit et al., 2009; Pilkington et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProfile of mood states and stress-related biochemical indices in long-term yoga practitioners
Yoshihara, K., Hiramoto, T., Sudo, N., & Kubo, C. (2011) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/1751-0759-5-6 · Cited by 96
“A systematic review of the use of yoga to treat anxiety suggested that yoga may be beneficial for different anxiety disorders [4].”
BackgroundBrown, D. H. K., & Leledaki, A. (2010) · Cultural Sociology · doi:10.1177/1749975509356866 · Cited by 87
Becoming connected: the lived experience of yoga participation after stroke
Garrett, R., Immink, M. A., & Hillier, S. (2011) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.573058 · Cited by 86
“Statements made by participants in this study support the premise that yoga participation might be beneficial for improving mood as well as providing resources for coping and self-esteem which are significant components of mental health [36,54].”
BackgroundYoga and hypertension: a systematic review.
Tyagi, A., & Cohen, M. M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 85
Yoshihara, K., Hiramoto, T., Oka, T., Kubo, C., & Sudo, N. (2014) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/1751-0759-8-1 · Cited by 93
“Studies have shown that the practice of yoga reduces perceived stress and negative feelings and that it improves psychological symptoms by lowering the levels of anxiety and anger [1-5].”
BackgroundDariotis, J. K., Mirabal‐Beltran, R., Cluxton‐Keller, F., Gould, L. F., Greenberg, M. T., & Mendelson, T. (2016) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21979 · Cited by 107
Improvement of Glutathione and Total Antioxidant Status with Yoga
Sinha, S., Singh, S. N., Monga, Y. P., & Ray, U. S. (2007) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0567 · Cited by 82
Impact of a short yoga intervention on medical students’ health: A pilot study
Simard, A.-A., & Henry, M. (2009) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/01421590902874063 · Cited by 83
“Yoga has been found to alleviate depression (Pilkington et al. 2005) and anxiety in general population (Riley 2004; Kirkwood et al. 2005), and one randomized control trial reported significant reductions in psychological distress following a general mind/body intervention in students (Deckro et al.…”
BackgroundYoga for adult women with chronic PTSD: a long-term follow-up study
Rhodes, A., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (2016) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0407 · Cited by 80
“In 20–23 Furthermore, yoga is a popular activity among women in the general population, making it a feasible and accessible treatment choice.”
Gould, L. F., Dariotis, J. K., Mendelson, T., & Greenberg, M. T. (2012) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21505 · Cited by 78
“Yoga and othermeditative techniques have been shown to increase attention and self-regulation and reduce stress and improve functioning in adults (Arias, Steinberg, Banga, &Trestment, 2006; Kirkwood et al., 2005;Ospina et al., 2007; Pilkington, Kirkwood, Rampes, & Richardson, 2005; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007).”
BackgroundSahni, P. S., Singh, K., Sharma, N., & Garg, R. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245214 · Cited by 77
Yoga in Public School Improves Adolescent Mood and Affect
Felver, J. C., Butzer, B., Olson, K. J., Smith, I. M., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2014) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-014-0031-9 · Cited by 92
Cramer, H., Ostermann, T., & Dobos, G. J. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.026 · Cited by 78
Differences in Brain Structure and Function Among Yoga Practitioners and Controls
Gothe, N. P., Hayes, J. M., Temali, C., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2018.00026 · Cited by 87
Yoga‐Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Y‐CBT) for Anxiety Management: A Pilot Study
Khalsa, M., Greiner‐Ferris, J. M., Hofmann, S. G., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1902 · Cited by 82
“In their review of yoga and anxiety, Shapiro et al. (2007) report attrition rates of 50–62% for exercise treatments over 6months, whereas Kirkwood et al. (2005) stated a 50% attrition for exercise programmes within 3–6months in his review.”
BackgroundPreemptive Analgesia at the Crossroad
Kissin, I. (2005) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000144429.39988.9b · Cited by 76
Yoga as a complementary therapy for children and adolescents: a guide for clinicians.
Kaley-Isley, L. C., Peterson, J., Fischer, C., & Peterson, E. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 74
Butzer, B., Day, D. S., Potts, A., Ryan, C., Coulombe, S., Davies, B., Weidknecht, K., Ebert, M., Flynn, L., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2014) · Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2156587214557695 · Cited by 92
“Systematic research reviews suggest that yoga is effective at reducing stress and enhancing mood and well-being in adults.(1-5) Salivary cortisol, a potential biological marker of stress, tends to increase as part of the physiological stress response.”
BackgroundSystematic Review of Yoga Interventions for Anxiety Reduction Among Children and Adolescents
Weaver, L. L., & Darragh, A. R. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.020115 · Cited by 70
“…disorders, stress, and blood pressure (Arias, Steinberg, Banga, & Trestman, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis, Lutz, Schaefer, Levinson, & Davidson, 2007; Kirkwood, Rampes, Tuffrey, Richardson, & Pilkington, 2005; Ospina et al., 2007; Pilkington, Kirkwood, Rampes, & Richardson, 2005; Shapiro, Brown, &…”
Frank, J. L., Kohler, K., Peal, A., & Bose, B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0628-3 · Cited by 81
“With regards to social-emotional outcomes, Kirkwood et al. (2005) and Pilkington et al. (2005) performed two reviews of studies using yoga interventions to treat psychopathology for anxiety and depression, respectively.”
MethodResultEstablishing key components of yoga interventions for musculoskeletal conditions: a Delphi survey
Ward, L., Stebbings, S. M., Sherman, K. J., Cherkin, D. C., & Baxter, D. G. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-196 · Cited by 76
“This multi-component, multi-interactive nature of a yoga intervention presents methodological challenges in the context of clinical research, such as defining the content and delivery of these interventions [34-36].”
BackgroundButzer, B., Bury, D. P., Telles, S., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2016) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-10-2014-0044 · Cited by 84
“…in recent years (Cramer et al., 2014a; McCall, 2014), with systematic research reviews suggesting that it may be effective at reducing stress and enhancing mood and well-being in adults (Chong et al., 2011; Kirkwood et al., 2005; Li and Goldsmith, 2012; Pilkington et al., 2005; Sharma, 2014).”
BackgroundEffects of Yoga on Stress Among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.
Wang, F., & Szabó, A. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 71
Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a yoga and mindfulness intervention for school teachers
Ancona, M., & Mendelson, T. (2014) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2014.920135 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., Tuffrey, V, Richardson, J., & Pilkington, K.
- Affiliations
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Westminster (GB)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pilkington, K
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-11-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 884-891
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1725091
- OpenAlex
- W2132104009
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- yoga, anxiety, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, treatment effectiveness, complementary therapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Yoga, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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