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Effect of a multimodal high intensity exercise intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a multimodal group exercise intervention, as an adjunct to conventional care, on fatigue, physical capacity, general wellbeing, physical activity, and quality of life in patients with cancer who were undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy or treatment for advanced disease. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Two university hospitals in Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 269 patients with cancer; 73 men, 196 women, mean age 47 years (range 20-65) representing 21 diagnoses. Main exclusion criteria were brain or bone metastases. 235 patients completed follow-up. INTERVENTION: Supervised exercise comprising high intensity cardiovascular and resistance training, relaxation and body awareness training, massage, nine hours weekly for six weeks in addition to conventional care, compared with conventional care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (MOS SF-36), Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, muscular strength (one repetition maximum), maximum oxygen consumption (Vo(2)max). Statistical methods The general linear model was used for continuous outcome while analysis of associates between categorical outcomes was performed as analysis of marginal homogeneity in contingency tables. RESULTS: Adjusted for baseline score, disease, and demographic covariates, the intervention group showed an estimated improvement at six weeks for the primary outcome, fatigue, of -6.6 points (95% confidence interval -12.3 to -0.9, P=0.02; effect size=0.33, 0.04 to 0.61). Significant effects were seen on vitality (effect size 0.55, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.82), physical functioning (0.37, 0.09 to 0.65), role physical (0.37, 0.10 to 0.64), role emotional (0.32, 0.05 to 0.59), and mental health (0.28, 0.02 to 0.56) scores. Improvement was noted in physical capacity: estimated mean difference between groups for maximum oxygen consumption was 0.16 l/min (95% CI 0.1 to 0.2, P<0.0001) and for muscular strength (leg press) was 29.7 kg (23.4 to 34.9, P<0.0001). No significant effect was seen on global health status/quality of life. CONCLUSION: A supervised multimodal exercise intervention including high and low intensity components was feasible and could safely be used in patients with various cancers who were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or treatment for advanced disease. The intervention reduced fatigue and improved vitality, aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and physical and functional activity, and emotional wellbeing, but not quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled trials ISRCTN05322922.
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“Walking exercise [64, 65], HIIT and weight lifting [66, 67] is considered safe and does not cause undesirable events, such as lymphedema in patients who are undergoing treatment.”
From Empowerment in the treatment of fatigue in breast cancer patients (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The methodological quality and risk of bias of the studies were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale [23].”
From Effects of Supervised Multimodal Exercise Interventions on Cancer-Related Fatigue: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
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Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
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“included only resistance exercise (49, 55, 63, 68, 69, 71), 11 studies included a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise (40, 41, 48, 51, 60, 62, 64, 67, 72, 75, 76), and”
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Physical Exercise for Cancer Patients with Advanced Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Exercise for women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer
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Exercise Interventions for Cancer Survivors: A Meta-Analysis of Quality of Life Outcomes
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“Although findings mainly relate to breast cancer survivors, results to date are positive and include the following: decreased cancer-related fatigue (CRF) [1–8], improvements in cardiorespiratory/aerobic fitness [3,5,7], muscular strength [3,4,7], physical functioning [1,4,8–11] and Quality of Life (QoL) [3,6–8].”
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High-Intensity Interval Training for Cognitive and Mental Health in Adolescents
(2016) · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000993 · Cited by 236
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Effect of Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Meta-analysis
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“Overall, the tendency in these six trials was that the experimental groups (either AE, RE or CAE) maintained or modestly improved muscle mass from pre to post-test while the CG reduced muscle mass.”
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BackgroundDifferential Effects of Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue During and Following Treatment
Puetz, T. W., & Herring, M. P. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.027 · Cited by 219
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“Only one previous trial [42] incorporating multimodal training, which included high-intensity exercise training, has shown positive effects on CRF from the unidimensional EORTC-QLQ-C30 scale, leading us to, again, speculate that the beneficial and clinically relevant effects of exercise on CRF are intensity-dependent.”
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Self-citationExercise interventions for individuals with advanced cancer: A systematic review
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“Two studies, one a RCT and the other a pre/post program evaluation identified a significant improvement in all or nearly all tested measures of QOL (Adamsen et al., 2009; Gagnon et al., 2013).”
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“8%) of randomized controlled trial of multimodal high intensity exercise intervention for patients with advanced cancer receiving chemotherapy.(29) We set the threshold value as 45% according to the completion rate (44%) of feasibility study for structured exercise programme for adult patients with advanced NSCLC who…”
BackgroundSupervised exercise reduces cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review
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“Two trials (18%) included diverse types of cancer.(28,32)”
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Self-citationEffects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on Physical Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Meta-analysis
Nakano, J., Hashizume, K., Fukushima, T., Ueno, K., Matsuura, E., Ikio, Y., Ishii, S., Morishita, S., Tanaka, K., & Kusuba, Y. (2018) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735418807555 · Cited by 137
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“In addition, previous studies demonstrated that it was feasible and safe for various cancer patients to exercise during treatment, 73 without increasing the risk or exacerbating the symptom of lymphedema.”
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“In addition, 11 RCTs examined these interventions in patients with a range of solid tumors, including those with advanced disease (Adamsen et al., 2006, 2009; Andersen et al., 2013; Cantarero-Villanueva et al., 2012; Cheville et al., 2010; Heim, Malsburg, & Niklas, 2007; Jensen et al., 2014;…”
Meneses-Echávez, J. F., González-Jiménez, E., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/328636 · Cited by 127
“Likewise, these results supported the implementation of personalized supervision in research, since it can optimize patient’s adherence to and compliance with interventions.”
ResultPerioperative exercise training in elderly subjects
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Fadiga relacionada ao câncer: uma revisão
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MethodResultSelf-citationImpact of Fatigue on Outcomes in the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study
Jhamb, M., Pike, F., Ramer, S. J., Argyropoulos, C., Steel, J. L., Dew, M. A., Weisbord, S. D., Weissfeld, L. A., & Unruh, M. L. (2011) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000328004 · Cited by 122
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Interventions to enhance return-to-work for cancer patients
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“Our APOP results are consistent with studies investigating the effect of an exercise training program on HRQoL in adults with cancer, demonstrating that regular physical activity during treatment helped adult patients tolerate treatment-induced effects and contributed to better HRQoL [34–40].”
ResultChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and rehabilitation: A review
Zhang, S. (2021) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2021.09.004 · Cited by 113
“ome exercise program, outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation Based on the evidence from previous studies on the benefits of herapeutic exercise in patients with CIPN, [82-84 , 90 , 92-94 , 101] all ancer patients should be educated and counseled on the imporance of therapeutic exercise in addition to surgery, radiati…”
InfluentialI Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
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“Previous research has documented reduced cancerrelated fatigue following HIIT (Adamsen et al. 2009; Ferlay et al. 2013; Battaglini et al. 2014) and the present multimodal HIIT rehabilitation produced smallto-moderate effects on all scales of the MFI-20 and EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaires.”
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Andersen, C., Rørth, M. R., Ejlertsen, B., Stage, M., Møller, T., Midtgaard, J., Quist, M., Bloomquist, K., & Adamsen, L. (2012) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2012.09.003 · Cited by 103
Self-citationChemotherapy-induced muscle wasting: an update
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions for colorectal cancer patients
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Control Group Design, Contamination and Drop-Out in Exercise Oncology Trials: A Systematic Review
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“1 shows the flowchart of included studies [4, 8–42].”
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“Data used in the computation were from a randomized controlled study conducted with cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.(11) The results of the study by Adamsen et al(12) showed a difference of 2.”
MethodPalma, S., Hasenoehrl, T., Jordakieva, G., Ramazanova, D., & Crevenna, R. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05834-x · Cited by 87
Cole, C. L., Kleckner, I. R., Jatoi, A., Schwarz, E. M., & Dunne, R. F. (2018) · JCSM Clinical Reports · doi:10.17987/jcsm-cr.v3i2.65 · Cited by 84
“Exercise preserves and increases muscle mass and function [27], while regulating both catabolic [28, 29] and anabolic [30] pathways in healthy individuals and those with disease [31].”
BackgroundToohey, K. L., Chapman, M., Rushby, A.-M., Urban, K., Ingham, G., & Singh, B. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01153-0 · Cited by 84
“1 3 an exercise intervention [71–74]; in this review, fatigue either did not get worse [34, 44, 48, 50] or improved across the studies [45, 49, 53].”
BackgroundMethodSystematic Review of Functional Outcomes in Cancer Rehabilitation
Sleight, A. G., Gerber, L. H., Marshall, T. F., Livinski, A. A., Alfano, C. M., Harrington, S., Flores, A. M., Virani, A., Hu, X., Mitchell, S. A., et al. (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.01.142 · Cited by 93
Exercise for older adult inpatients with acute myelogenous leukemia: A pilot study
Klepin, H. D., Danhauer, S. C., Tooze, J. A., Stott, K., Daley, K., Vishnevsky, T., Powell, B. L., & Mihalko, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2010.10.004 · Cited by 81
A comprehensive review of head and neck cancer rehabilitation: Physical therapy perspectives
Guru, K., Supe, S., & Manoor, U. (2012) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.4103/0973-1075.100820 · Cited by 82
“[78] Dimeo et al. [78] found that all the patients experienced a clear reduction of fatigue and could carry out normal daily activities again without substantial limitations with an improvement in maximal physical performance (from 6.4 ± 0.4 km/h to 7.5 ± 0.9 km/h, P < 0.05) and maximal walked…”
InfluentialHunter, E. G., Gibson, R. W., Arbesman, M., & D’Amico, M. (2017) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.023564 · Cited by 83
Zyga, S., Alikari, V., Sachlas, A., Fradelos, Ε. C., Stathoulis, J. D., Panoutsopoulos, G. I., Georgopoulou, M., Theophilou, P., & Lavdaniti, M. (2015) · Medical Archives · doi:10.5455/medarh.2015.69.376-380 · Cited by 80
Physical activity level and quality of life in long term lung cancer survivors
Nes, L. S., Liu, H., Patten, C. A., Rausch, S. M., Sloan, J. A., Garces, Y. I., Cheville, A. L., Yang, P., & Clark, M. M. (2012) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.096 · Cited by 78
Loughney, L. A., West, M. A., Kemp, G. J., Grocott, M. P. W., & Jack, S. (2015) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2015.08.153 · Cited by 76
Yee, J., Davis, G. M., Hackett, D. A., Beith, J. M., Wilcken, N. R. C., Currow, D. C., Emery, J. D., Phillips, J. L., Martin, A. J., Hui, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.07.022 · Cited by 75
Multimodal exercise training during myeloablative chemotherapy: a prospective randomized pilot trial
Oechsle, K., Aslan, Z., Süsse, Y., Jensen, W., Bokemeyer, C., & de Wit, M. (2013) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-013-1927-z · Cited by 74
Isanejad, A., Nazari, S., Gharib, B., & Motlagh, A. G. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.07.001 · Cited by 72
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Moderate Exercise Improves Experimental Cancer Cachexia by Modulating the Redox Homeostasis
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Cancer Rehabilitation and Palliative Care—Exploring the Synergies
Chowdhury, R. A., Brennan, F. P., & Gardiner, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.030 · Cited by 74
Physical activity and fitness in women with metastatic breast cancer
Yee, J., Davis, G. M., Beith, J. M., Wilcken, N. R. C., Currow, D. C., Emery, J. D., Phillips, J. L., Martin, A. J., Hui, R., Harrison, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-014-0378-y · Cited by 68
“Its effect on treatment-related side-effects and qualit y of life in women with early stage breast cancer has been extensively documented [10-12].”
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Prehabilitation in Modern Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Comprehensive Review
Baušys, A., Kryžauskas, M., Abeciūnas, V., Degutytė, A. E., Baušys, R., Strupas, K., & Poškus, T. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14205017 · Cited by 70
Saquib, N., Saquib, J., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f4313 · Cited by 68
Goldberg, J. H., Magruder, K. M., Forsberg, C. W., Kazis, L. E., Üstün, T. B., Friedman, M. J., Litz, B. T., Vaccarino, V., Heagerty, P. J., Gleason, T., et al. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0585-4 · Cited by 70
“Effect size is the standardized difference in scores and is widely used in studies of patient-reported outcomes and health functioning [16–18].”
Influence of physical activity on the immune system in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy
Schmidt, T., Jonat, W., Wesch, D., Oberg, H., Adam‐Klages, S., Keller, L., Röcken, C., & Mundhenke, C. (2018) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-017-2573-5 · Cited by 68
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“One study adopted a more intense regime targeting 85–95% of calculated maximal heart rate [23].”
MethodPhysical activity and survival in breast cancer
Ammitzbøll, G., Søgaard, K., Karlsen, R. V., Tjønneland, A. M., Johansen, C., Frederiksen, K., & Bidstrup, P. E. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.07.010 · Cited by 63
Spinal Metastatic Disease: A Review of the Role of the Multidisciplinary Team
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Muscoloskeletal aging, sarcopenia and cancer
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Cantarero‐Villanueva, I., Fernández‐Lao, C., del Moral-Ávila, R., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Feriche-Fernández-Castanys, M. B., & Arroyo‐Morales, M. (2011) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/620619 · Cited by 62
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BackgroundInfluentialPhysical activity among cancer survivors: a literature review.
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“Telephone-based physical activity interventions have been proposed to allow for greater outreach to patients and minimize the high number of participants who refuse to attend supervised exercise sessions after cancer diagnosis due to the lack of interest in exercise, living too far away to travel, or because they are…”
BackgroundPre-radiotherapy daily exercise training in non-small cell lung cancer: A feasibility study
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“(1) Leisure-time physical activity level [21–23].”
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Physical Functioning and Rehabilitation for the Cancer Survivor
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Metadata
- Authors
- Adamsen, L., Quist, M., Andersen, C., Moller, T., Herrstedt, J., Kronborg, D., Baadsgaard, M. T., Vistisen, K., Midtgaard, J., Christiansen, B., Stage, M., Kronborg, M. T., & Rorth, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Odense University Hospital (DK)
- Copenhagen Business School (DK)
- Herlev Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Adamsen, L.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2009-10-13
- Volume
- 339
- Issue
- oct13 1
- Pages
- b3410-b3410
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2762035
- OpenAlex
- W2041918383
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 15.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- CBS Research Portal (Copenhagen Business School) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Kræftens Bekæmpelse
- Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond
- Lundbeckfonden
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Egmont Fonden
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- high-intensity training, cancer patients, chemotherapy, cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, physical capacity, aerobic exercise, resistance training, relaxation training, massage, physical activity, muscle strength, oxygen consumption, well-being, advanced cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy, mental health, physical function, vitality, role physical, emotional role
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Exercise Therapy, Feasibility Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Quality of Life, Exercise, Treatment Outcome, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
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