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A guide to systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies
Open accessAbstract
Prognostic factors are associated with the risk of future health outcomes in individuals with a particular health condition or some clinical start point (eg, a particular diagnosis). Research to identify genuine prognostic factors is important because these factors can help improve risk stratification, treatment, and lifestyle decisions, and the design of randomised trials. Although thousands of prognostic factor studies are published each year, often they are of variable quality and the findings are inconsistent. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are therefore needed that summarise the evidence about the prognostic value of particular factors. In this article, the key steps involved in this review process are described.
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“given the relevance of sleep to brain health [57,58,59]”
From Concussion Disrupts Sleep in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [58]
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Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model
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Barker, T. H., Migliavaca, C. B., Stein, C., Colpani, V., Falavigna, M., Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01381-z · Cited by 738
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Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
the GUIDE Group, Granholm, A., Zeng, L., Dionne, J. C., Perner, A., Marker, S., Krag, M., MacLaren, R., Ye, Z., Møller, M. H., et al. (2019) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05751-6 · Cited by 83
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van der Boor, C. F., Amos, R., Nevitt, S., Dowrick, C., & White, R. G. (2020) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-020-00292-y · Cited by 68
“These act as continuous data and theoretically, synthesis of such data may be possible within a ‘prognostic review’ framework [13].”
BackgroundCastrillon, J., Rele, S., Sumithran, P., Hii, M., Thuraisingam, S., Spelman, T., Phan, T., Choong, P., Dowsey, M., & Shadbolt, C. (2025) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16601 · Cited by 65
Habibi, N., Mousa, A., Tay, C. T., Khomami, M. B., Patten, R. K., Andraweera, P. H., Wassie, M., Vandersluys, J., Aflatounian, A., Bianco‐Miotto, T., et al. (2022) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3532 · Cited by 53
“Data extraction was guided by CHARMS‐PF (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies): a checklist of key items to be extracted from primary studies of prognostic factors.(43) Data extraction included: author, year, country; type of study; study population and sample s…”
MethodCorazzari, C., Matteucci, M., Kołodziejczak, M., Kowalewski, M., Formenti, A. M., Giustina, A., Beghi, C., Barili, F., & Lorusso, R. (2022) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.05.035 · Cited by 36
Genomic classifiers and prognosis of localized prostate cancer: a systematic review
Boyer, M. J., Carpenter, D. J., Gingrich, J. R., Raman, S. R., Sirohi, D., Tabriz, A. A., Rompre-Broduer, A., Lunyera, J., Basher, F., Bitting, R. L., et al. (2025) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-023-00766-z · Cited by 22
Boyne, D. J., O'Sullivan, D. E., Heer, E. V., Hilsden, R. J., Sajobi, T. T., Cheung, W. Y., Brenner, D. R., & Friedenreich, C. M. (2020) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.2843 · Cited by 11
Silva (2023) · doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2023ao00771 · Cited by 3
Concussion Disrupts Sleep in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Noordeen, S., Wang, P., Strazda, A. E., Arany, E. S., Ergisi, M., Yeo, L. J., Popovic, R., Mahendran, A., Khawaja, M., Grover, K., et al. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7030046 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Riley, R. D., Moons, K. G. M., Snell, K. I. E., Ensor, J., Hooft, L., Altman, D. G., Hayden, J., Collins, G. S., & Debray, T. P. A.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-01-30
- Volume
- 364
- Pages
- k4597
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- OpenAlex
- W2914356810
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 34
- FWCI
- 14.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
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