Prophylaxis against covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis

Bartoszko, Jessica J; Siemieniuk, Reed AC; Kum, Elena; Qasim, Anila; Zeraatkar, Dena; Martinez, Juan Pablo Diaz; Azab, Maria; Ibrahim, Sara; Izcovich, Ariel; Soto, Gonzalo Bravo; Roldan, Yetiani; Agarwal, Arnav; Agoritsas, Thomas; Chu, Derek K; Couban, Rachel; Devji, Tahira; Foroutan, Farid; Ghadimi, Maryam; Honarmand, Kimia; Khamis, Assem; Lamontagne, Francois; Loeb, Mark; McLeod, Shelley L; Motaghi, Sharhzad; Murthy, Srinivas; Mustafa, Reem A; Rochwerg, Bram; Switzer, Charlotte; Thabane, Lehana; Vandvik, Per O; Vernooij, Robin WM; Wang, Ying; Yao, Liang; Guyatt, Gordon H; Brignardello-Petersen, Romina

doi:10.1136/bmj.n949

Cited by 113SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

Prophylaxis against covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis

Open access

Bartoszko, Jessica J, Siemieniuk, Reed AC, Kum, Elena, Qasim, Anila, Zeraatkar, Dena, Martinez, Juan Pablo Diaz, Azab, Maria, Ibrahim, Sara +27 more·2021·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.n949PMC PMC8073806

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Abstract

Updates: This is the second version (first update) of the living systematic review, replacing the previous version (available as a data supplement). When citing this paper please consider adding the version number and date of access for clarity. Objective: To determine and compare the effects of drug prophylaxis on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). Design: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). Data sources: WHO covid-19 database, a comprehensive multilingual source of global covid-19 literature to 4 March 2022. Study selection: Randomised trials in which people at risk of covid-19 were allocated to prophylaxis or no prophylaxis (standard care or placebo). Pairs of reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles. Methods: After duplicate data abstraction, we conducted random-effects bayesian network meta-analysis. We assessed risk of bias of the included studies using a modification of the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: The second iteration of this living NMA includes 32 randomised trials which enrolled 25 147 participants and addressed 21 different prophylactic drugs; adding 21 trials (66%), 18 162 participants (75%) and 16 (76%) prophylactic drugs. Of the 16 prophylactic drugs analysed, none provided convincing evidence of a reduction in the risk of laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. For admission to hospital and mortality outcomes, no prophylactic drug proved different than standard care or placebo. Hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C combined with zinc probably increase the risk of adverse effects leading to drug discontinuation—risk difference for hydroxychloroquine (RD) 6 more per 1000 (95% credible interval (CrI) 2 more to 10 more); for vitamin C combined with zinc, RD 69 more per 1000 (47 more to 90 more), moderate certainty evidence. Conclusion: Much of the evidence remains very low certainty and we therefore anticipate future studies evaluating drugs for prophylaxis may change the results for SARS-CoV-2 infection, admission to hospital and mortality outcomes. Both hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C combined with zinc probably increase adverse effects. Systematic review registration: This review was not registered. The protocol established a priori is included as a supplement. Funding: This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant CIHR-IRSC:0579001321).

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Our thresholds for beneficial and harmful effects were informed by surveys of the coauthors in the parallel living SRNMAs.
“Our thresholds for beneficial and harmful effects were informed by surveys of the coauthors in the parallel living SRNMAs.17–19”
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Efficacy of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Prophylaxis for Individuals Exposed to SARS-CoV-2: The COPEP Pragmatic Open-Label, Cluster Randomized TrialPreprint
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Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation.
Hill A, Abdulamir A, Ahmed S, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of ivermectin to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, 19 January 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square 43 The COVID-NMA initiative. A living mapping and living systematic review of Covid-19 trials. Accessed 20 January 2021. https://covid- nma.com/treatments_tested/ 44

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Authors: Bartoszko, J. J., Siemieniuk, R. A., Kum, E., Qasim, A., Zeraatkar, D., Martinez, J. P. D., Azab, M., Ibrahim, S., Izcovich, A., Soto, G. B., Roldan, Y., Agarwal, A., Agoritsas, T., Chu, D. K., Couban, R., Devji, T., Foroutan, F., Ghadimi, M., Honarmand, K., Khamis, A., Lamontagne, F., Loeb, M., McLeod, S. L., Motaghi, S., Murthy, S., Mustafa, R. A., Rochwerg, B., Switzer, C., Thabane, L., Vandvik, P. O., Vernooij, R. W., Wang, Y., Yao, L., Guyatt, G. H., & Brignardello-Petersen, R.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
Hospital Alemán (AR)
University of Toronto (CA)
University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
Western University (CA)
Hull York Medical School (GB)
University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Oslo (NO)
Utrecht University (NL)
ORCID: Bartoszko, Jessica J
Kum, Elena
Qasim, Anila
Zeraatkar, Dena
Izcovich, Ariel
Agoritsas, Thomas
Devji, Tahira
Ghadimi, Maryam
Honarmand, Kimia
McLeod, Shelley L
Rochwerg, Bram
Switzer, Charlotte
Vandvik, Per O
Vernooij, Robin WM
Wang, Ying
Yao, Liang
Guyatt, Gordon H
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2021-04-26
Volume: 373
Pages: n949
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n949
PMC: PMC8073806
OpenAlex: W3158131439
Cited by: 113
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 3.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Lanzhou University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
MacSphere (McMaster University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders: Canadian Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Foundation
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Foundation
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (174897_1, 174897)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: COVID-19 prevention, COVID-19 pandemic, preventive medication, hydroxychloroquine, adverse drug reactions, hospitalization, mortality, drug discontinuation, quality of evidence, risk of bias assessment, GRADE, antiviral agents, antimalarial drugs
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anti-Infective Agents, Carrageenan, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin, Global Health, Treatment Outcome, Chemoprevention, Uncertainty

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