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Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit
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OBJECTIVES: Law and order enforcement tasks may expose special force police officers to significant psychosocial risk factors. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between job stress and the presence of mental health symptoms while controlling sociodemographical, occupational and personality variables in special force police officers. METHOD: At different time points, 292 of 294 members of the 'VI Reparto Mobile', a special police force engaged exclusively in the enforcement of law and order, responded to our invitation to complete questionnaires for the assessment of personality traits, work-related stress (using the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) and the Effort-Reward-Imbalance (ERI) models) and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and burnout. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that lower levels of support and reward and higher levels of effort and overcommitment were associated with higher levels of mental health symptoms. Psychological screening revealed 21 (7.3%) likely cases of mild depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI≥10). Officers who had experienced a discrepancy between work effort and rewards showed a marked increase in the risk of depression (OR 7.89, 95% CI 2.32 to 26.82) when compared with their counterparts who did not perceive themselves to be in a condition of distress. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that work-related stress may play a role in the development of mental health problems in police officers. The prevalence of mental health symptoms in the cohort investigated here was low, but not negligible in the case of depression. Since special forces police officers have to perform sensitive tasks for which a healthy psychological functioning is needed, the results of this study suggest that steps should be taken to prevent distress and improve the mental well-being of these workers.
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“On the other hand, having control and autonomy in the management of tasks was found to decrease burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2016; Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006; Smoktunowicz et al., 2015).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“as was overcommitment (Garbarino et al., 2013; Violanti et al., 2018)”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“Neuroticism was found to be a consistent risk factor for burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Farf ´ an et al., 2019; Garbarino et al., 2013; Hills and Norvell, 1991; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Rothmann, 2006).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“Whereas, four studies reported negative associations between agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness with burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Garbarino et al., 2013; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Roth mann, 2006).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“one study that higher ranks were associated with lower exhaustion (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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Self-citationSuicidal Ideation, Depressive Symptoms and Trait Anxiety in Civil Guards: A Psychosocial Analysis
Relinque, C. S., Rivas, M. M., & Ochoa, G. M. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09752-8 · Cited by 1
Ryu, G. W., & Choi, M. (2025) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2025.2510634
Psychological Stress, Personality Traits, and Coping Strategies among Police Personnel in Bangladesh
Islam, T., & Hossain, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09764-4 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Interior (IT)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Magnavita, Nicola
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e002791
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3717472
- OpenAlex
- W2131695063
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 16.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- occupational stress, mental health, police mental health, depression, anxiety, burnout, effort-reward imbalance, demand-control-support model, psychosocial risk factors, psychological screening, psychological well-being
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