Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The specific factors that may influence burnout levels in police officers are not yet clear. Our aim was to systematically identify the psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout among police officers. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A protocol was registered in PROSPERO. A search strategy was applied to Medline via OvidSP, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science. The quality assessment entailed the use of the CASP checklist for cohort studies. The data was reported through a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: After removing studies based on the selection criteria, 41 studies were included in this review. The findings were synthesized under the following subheadings: socio-demographic factors; organisational factors; operational factors; personality variables and coping strategies. Organisational and operational factors were found to be the most predominant risk factors for burnout. Personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors. Socio-demographic factors were weak in explaining burnout. LIMITATIONS: Most studies are from high-income countries. Not all used the same burnout measurement tool. All relied on self-reported data. Since 98 % had a cross-sectional design, causal inferences could not be made. CONCLUSIONS: Burnout, despite being strictly defined as an occupational phenomenon, is related to factors outside of this context. Future research should focus on examining the reported associations by using more robust designs. More attention must be paid to police officers' mental health by investing in developing strategies to mitigate adverse factors and maximise the effects of protective factors.
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TL;DR
This systematic review identified psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers across 41 studies. Organisational and operational factors were the most predominant risk factors, while personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors, with socio-demographic factors weak in explaining burnout.
Key findings
- The review included 41 studies with a total of 16,017 participants; sample sizes ranged from 50 to 1794, mean age was 36.55 years (SD = 8.95) based on available data from k = 23, and 40 studies were cross-sectional while one was longitudinal.
- Organisational and operational factors were the most predominant risk factors: heavy workload was a risk factor in nine studies, job-related stress in six, effort-reward imbalance in four, and operational stress had a direct relationship with burnout in four studies, with daily operational stressors linked to higher burnout than occasional stressors.
- Personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors: neuroticism was a consistent risk factor in six studies; agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness had negative associations with burnout in four studies; maladaptive coping increased burnout in five studies, while healthy coping was protective in six.
- Socio-demographic factors were weak in explaining burnout: age showed mixed results (four studies younger, four older, seven no association), sex results were conflicting, marital status was a risk factor in two studies but not significant in six, and educational level showed no significant relationships in six studies.
Methods
- Systematic review following PRISMA, with a protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022290022); searches were run in Medline via OvidSP, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science until Dec 20, 2021, with no timeline restrictions and no language restrictions as long as an English abstract was available.
- Inclusion required samples of actively working police officers and quantitative primary data reporting relationships between risk/protective factors and burnout; exclusions included non-primary data, non-quantitative designs, mixed populations treated as a whole, partial burnout questionnaire items, divergent burnout definitions, and big-scale events such as COVID-19, terrorism, or natural catastrophes.
- Two reviewers independently screened studies and assessed quality using the CASP checklist for cohort studies; data were reported through narrative synthesis grouped by socio-demographic, organisational, operational, personality variables, and coping strategies.
Limitations
- The paper states that most studies were from high-income countries (70.7%), not all used the same burnout measurement tool, all relied on self-reported data, 98% had a cross-sectional design so causal inferences could not be made, and only four databases were searched.
- Evident from the text: the review used narrative synthesis rather than meta-analysis, some factors were examined in a limited number of studies, operational factors were the least examined and least specified, and age may be confounded with work experience, with the authors noting possible survival bias.
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Claims the paper makes
56 of 263 cited sources checked · 25 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020), officers with daily operational stressors had higher mental exhaustion and guilt scores than officers with occasional operational stressors.
“Officers with daily operational stressors also had higher mental exhaustion and guilt scores than officers with ocasional operational stressors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020) source
The Results (sections 3.3–3.4; page unavailable) identify daily- and occasional-operational-stressor groups and report significant differences between them in mental exhaustion and guilt. The passages do not give the direction of those differences, so they do not establish that the daily-stressor group had higher scores. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020), being male is associated with higher levels of mental exhaustion.
“Being male is associated with higher levels of mental exhaustion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020), officers who engage in sports activities have lower mental exhaustion than those who do not.
“Officers who engage in sports activities have lower mental exhaustion than those who do not.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al. (2020) source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Primary workplace (field and office service work) contributes to increased exhaustion and depersonalisation.
“In one study, a variable called primary workplace which encompassed field and office service work contributed to increased exhaustion and depersonalisation (Valieiev et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Valieiev et al., 2019 source
The Results report significant correlations between primary workplace (field work or office service) and both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization; the Conclusions likewise call them associations. The claim's wording, “contributed to increased,” implies a causal effect that the reported correlations do not establish. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Higher ranks are associated with lower exhaustion.
“one study that higher ranks were associated with lower exhaustion (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Job-related stress characterized by hassles, pressures, and organisational constraints is consistently related to higher burnout.
“Overall, job-related stress characterized by an array of hassles, pressures, and organisational constraints was consistently related to higher burnout in six studies (Baka, 2015; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Kepple, 2018; Kula, 2017; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Rothmann, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Baka, 2015 source
- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kepple, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Job length has no association with burnout.
“Three studies found that job length had no association with burnout (Fyhn et al., 2016; Valieiev et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Fyhn et al., 2016 source
The Results report that age and two measures of job experience together did not significantly explain burnout (p=.485); Table 3 also shows nonsignificant coefficients for both experience measures. That supports a finding of no statistically significant association among the police investigators studied, but not the unqualified claim that job length has no association with burnout. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Valieiev et al., 2019 source
- cites Yang et al., 2019 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Years of service contribute to increased burnout.
“In six studies, years of service contributed to increased burnout (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Fedorenko et al., 2020; Garbarino et al., 2013; Medina, 2007; Miller et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
- cites Fedorenko et al., 2020 source
The Results report that officers with 5–15 years of service were more likely to have high professional burnout than officers at the beginning of service. This comparison supports an association, but it does not establish that years of service contributed to the increase. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Effort-reward imbalance is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Imbalance between effort-reward was also consistently reported as a risk factor for burnout (Euwema et al., 2004; Violanti et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Heavy workload is a risk factor for burnout.
“Heavy workload was a risk factor for burnout in nine studies (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013; Baka, 2015; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; Garbarino et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2016; Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017; Padyab et al., 2016; Smoktu nowicz et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Overcommitment is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“as was overcommitment (Garbarino et al., 2013; Violanti et al., 2018)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that higher overcommitment was associated with higher professional-exhaustion and depersonalisation scores in special-force police officers. But the Results say there were only three possible burnout cases, so the study did not test whether overcommitment increased the risk of burnout as a condition; the Discussion also says it could not establish causality. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Violanti et al., 2018 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Increased rewards result in lower burnout in police officers.
“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
The Abstract Results report that lower reward and higher effort were associated with more mental health symptoms, and the Discussion includes burnout among the outcomes associated with effort–reward imbalance in special-force police officers. But the Discussion explicitly says the study could not establish a causal relationship, so the claim that increased rewards “resulted in” lower burnout overstates the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Factors related to social interactions were the most studied burnout factors in police officers.
“Factors related with social interactions were the most studied burnout factors in police officers (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013; Baka, 2015; BaruchFeldman et al., 2002; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Beltran et al., 2009; Brady, 2017; Farf ´ an et al., 2019; Fyhn et al., 2016; Garbarino et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2016; Kula, 2017; Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017; Martinussen et al., 2007; Padyab et al., 2016;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013 source
- cites Baka, 2015 source
The Job Demands and Poor Health section identifies interpersonal conflict as one of three job demands examined in police officers, and the Discussion links it to burnout. Neither section says that social-interaction factors were the most studied burnout factors; the Discussion compares the strength of associations, not how often factors have been studied. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites BaruchFeldman et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Having control and autonomy in the management of tasks decreases burnout in police officers.
“On the other hand, having control and autonomy in the management of tasks was found to decrease burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2016; Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006; Smoktunowicz et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
The Stress measures section defines job control as including autonomy over work decisions, and the Results report that higher control was associated with less depersonalisation and was significantly associated with personal accomplishment, both burnout dimensions. But the study concerns a special police force unit and, as the Discussion states, cannot establish a causal relationship; it does not show that autonomy decreases burnout across police officers generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Hu et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Martinussen et al., 2007 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Increased efforts are associated with higher burnout in police officers.
“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Police officers with daily operational stressors have higher burnout levels compared to officers with occasional stressors.
“In four studies, it was found that overall operational stress had a direct relationship with burnout, with one study showing that police officers with daily operational stressors had higher burnout levels compared to officers with occasional stressors (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020; Kepple, 2018; Kula, 2017; Medina, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020 source
The Results (sections 3.3–3.4; page unavailable) identify daily- and occasional-stressor groups and report significant differences in mental exhaustion and guilt. They do not state that the daily-stressor group had higher scores, and the authors explicitly note that the comparison did not cover all burnout dimensions. Thus the study supports a difference in some burnout measures, but not the full claim of higher overall burnout. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Kepple, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kula, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Neuroticism is a consistent risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Neuroticism was found to be a consistent risk factor for burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Farf ´ an et al., 2019; Garbarino et al., 2013; Hills and Norvell, 1991; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Rothmann, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
- cites Farfán et al., 2019 source
- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
The Personality measure section defines emotional stability as the opposite of neuroticism, and the Results report that officers with lower emotional stability had higher scores on burnout dimensions. This supports an association in the studied special-force unit, but the paper does not establish neuroticism as a causal or consistently observed risk factor across police officers; the Discussion says causal relationships could not be established. The indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Overall operational stress has a direct relationship with burnout in police officers (in four studies).
“In four studies, it was found that overall operational stress had a direct relationship with burnout, with one study showing that police officers with daily operational stressors had higher burnout levels compared to officers with occasional stressors (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020; Kepple, 2018; Kula, 2017; Medina, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020 source
The Introduction says that high levels of continuous stress lead to burnout in police officers. Results §3.4 reports significant differences between officers with daily and occasional operational stressors, but only for mental exhaustion and guilt; the retrieved passage does not establish that the daily-stressor group had higher overall burnout. The four-study count refers to the citing sentence’s four sources, not to a finding this paper establishes alone. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Kepple, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kula, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Unreasonable work group is related to higher burnout levels in police officers.
“It was also described that conflicts in the workplace and unreasonable work group were related to higher burnout levels (Baka, 2015; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Baka, 2015 source
The Discussion reports that interpersonal conflict at work and organizational constraints were connected with job burnout in police officers. However, the paper does not identify or measure an “unreasonable work group” as a distinct factor, so that part of the paraphrase is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Martinussen et al., 2007 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Conflicts in the workplace are related to higher burnout levels in police officers.
“It was also described that conflicts in the workplace and unreasonable work group were related to higher burnout levels (Baka, 2015; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Social support is a protective factor against burnout in police officers (in eight studies).
“In eight studies social support was re ported as a protective factor against burnout (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013; Farf ´ an et al., 2019; Fyhn et al., 2016; Garbarino et al., 2013; Martinussen et al., 2007; Padyab et al., 2016; Smoktunowicz et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
Positive coping strategies (e.g., getting sufficient sleep, taking sufficient breaks from work, positive reappraisal, active coping, seeking social support, being assertive, having self-control, and planning how to solve problems) mitigate burnout levels in police officers, as reported in six studies.
“On the other hand, six studies reported the protective role of healthy coping styles. Positive coping strategies in general, like get ting sufficient sleep, taking sufficient breaks from work, positive reap praisal, active coping, seeking social support, being assertive, having self-control, and planning how to solve problems were found to miti gate burnout levels (Brady, 2017; Dur ´ an et al.,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Brady, 2017 source
- cites Dur ´ an et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Fedorenko et al., 2020 source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
Engaging in recreational and leisure activities revealed no significance in the alleviation of burnout.
“The practice of physical exercise or sports was a protective factor against burnout (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020), whereas engaging in recreational and leisure activities revealed no significance in the alleviation of burnout (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
In police officers with larger police tenure (5-15 years), objection was found to increase burnout.
“On the contrary, in the group of police officers with larger police tenure (5 -15 years), objection was found to increase burnout and rationalization (characterized by cognitive distortions) was found to decrease it (Fedorenko et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Fedorenko et al., 2020 source
The Results passage discussing Table 8 reports a positive correlation between objection and professional burnout among officers with 5–15 years of service. The Conclusions also report a reverse correlation between rationalization and burnout in that group. These associations support the directions stated in the citing sentence, but the paper does not establish that objection increases burnout or that rationalization decreases it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
The wider literature seems to support that younger individuals are associated with a higher prevalence of burnout.
“The wider literature seems to support that younger individuals are associated with a higher prevalence of burnout (Azam et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2016; Yates and Samuel, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Azam et al., 2017
- cites Singh et al., 2016 source
- cites Yates and Samuel, 2019 source
Section 3.5.1 (Demographics) concludes that there is reasonable evidence younger oncology physicians experience higher levels of burnout, and section 5 (Conclusion) likewise associates burnout with younger age. The cited review concerns oncology professionals, so it does not establish the claim for younger individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Police officers with a higher trait of meaningfulness are less prone to burnout.
“In addition, police officers with a higher trait of meaningfulness and a higher sense of community were less prone to burnout (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; Fyhn et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
The practice of physical exercise or sports was a protective factor against burnout.
“The practice of physical exercise or sports was a protective factor against burnout (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020), whereas engaging in recreational and leisure activities revealed no significance in the alleviation of burnout (Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Garcia-Rivera et al., 2020 source
- cites Nascimento et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
In five studies, maladaptive coping styles (e.g., avoidance and distancing, manipulative actions, mental disconnection, accepting a lot of responsibility, aggressive and confrontative actions, focusing on emotions, and wishful thinking) were associated with increased burnout in police officers.
“In five studies, mal adaptive coping styles such as avoidance and distancing, manipulative actions, mental disconnection, accepting a lot of responsibility, aggres sive and confrontative actions, focusing on emotions, and wishful thinking were associated with increased burnout (Dur ´ an et al., 2006; Fedorenko et al., 2020; Medina, 2007; Mella and Boutin, 2013; Padyab et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Dur ´ an et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Fedorenko et al., 2020 source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Medina, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.5. Coping strategies · p. 12
In police officers with larger police tenure (5-15 years), rationalization was found to decrease burnout.
“On the contrary, in the group of police officers with larger police tenure (5 -15 years), objection was found to increase burnout and rationalization (characterized by cognitive distortions) was found to decrease it (Fedorenko et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Fedorenko et al., 2020 source
The Results report an inverse correlation between rationalization and depersonalization among officers with 5–15 years of service, and the Conclusions describe burnout indicators as inversely correlated with rationalization in that group. These correlations do not establish that rationalization decreases burnout. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Police officers with a higher sense of community are less prone to burnout.
“In addition, police officers with a higher trait of meaningfulness and a higher sense of community were less prone to burnout (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; Fyhn et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- cites Fyhn et al., 2016 source
The Results section (page unavailable) reports a negative relationship between social support and burnout among police investigators. But the study measures marital status and job support, not a sense of community, and its findings concern investigators rather than police officers generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13
Police officers who are more suspicious, impatient, worried, and introverted are likely to experience higher levels of burnout compared to those who show higher emotional stability, are more open to new experiences, experience more positive emotional states, and are psychologically more robust.
“Therefore, police officers who are more suspicious, impatient, worried, and introverted are likely to experience higher levels of burnout compared to those who show higher emotional stability, are more open to new experiences, experience more positive emotional states, and are psychologically more robust (Galanis et al., 2021; Sherwood et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Galanis et al., 2021 source
Section 3.10 (page not available) associates worrying, introversion, and decreased resilience with higher stress among police officers; the Discussion likewise links resilient traits with lower stress. The paper does not establish the claimed comparison in burnout levels or address suspicion, impatience, or openness to new experiences as stated. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Sherwood et al., 2019 source
The Burnout section reports that neuroticism predicts burnout and that emotional stability, openness, and hardiness-related commitment are associated with burnout outcomes. It does not establish the claimed comparison for officers who are suspicious, impatient, worried, or introverted, or identify positive emotional states as protective against burnout. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13
Another systematic review of police officers (Sherwood et al., 2019) found that negative coping strategies such as passive or avoidance coping were also associated with adverse psychological outcomes.
“Beyond that, another systematic review of police officers (Sherwood et al., 2019) found that negative coping strategies such as passive or avoidance coping were also associated with adverse psychological outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Sherwood et al., 2019 source
- Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13
A systematic review on risk factors of police officer's stress (Galanis et al., 2021) reported that police officers that used negative coping such as denial, avoidance, self-blame, distraction, lack of planning, lack of control and humour experienced higher levels of stress.
“A systematic review on risk factors of police officer ' s stress (Galanis et al., 2021) reported similar findings, in which police officers that used negative coping such as denial, avoidance, self-blame, distraction, lack of planning, lack of control and humour experienced higher levels of stress, whereas planning, immediate response to the problem, and seeking help from others wer”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Galanis et al., 2021 source
Section 3.9 reports that negative coping strategies, including denial, avoidance, self-blame, self-distraction, lack of planning, and lack of control, increased stress among police officers. It lists **lack of humour**, not humour, as a risk factor. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1
Socio-demographic factors were weak in explaining burnout.
“Socio-demographic factors were weak in explaining burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
Cynicism was higher in women.
“whereas cynicism was higher in women (Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Richardsen et al., 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
The higher the number of children, the lower the level of burnout.
“In another study, the higher the number of children the lower the level of burnout (Brady, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
One study described that Caucasians suffered from higher depersonalisation compared to Hispanic individuals.
“One other study described that Caucasians suffered from higher depersonalisation compared to Hispanic individuals (Medina, 2007)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
One study reported men having higher overall burnout compared to women.
“One study (Miller et al., 2017) reported men having higher overall burnout compared to women”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller et al., 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
One study reported higher levels of professional efficacy in men compared to women.
“One study reported higher levels of professional efficacy in men compared to women (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- Findingnone given§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1
All included studies relied on self-reported data.
“All relied on self-reported data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3. Results · p. 2
All included studies were cross-sectional (k=40) except one that had a longitudinal design.
“All studies were cross-sectional (k = 40) except one that had a longitudinal design.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1
Personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors.
“Personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3. Results · p. 2
The majority of the included studies had strong to moderate quality.
“The majority of the studies had strong to moderate quality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3
In another study, Caucasians reported higher exhaustion levels compared to Indians.
“and in another, Caucasians reported higher exhaustion levels compared to Indians (Mostert and Rothmann, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mostert and Rothmann, 2006 source
- Findingown data§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1
Organisational and operational factors were found to be the most predominant risk factors for burnout.
“Organisational and operational factors were found to be the most predominant risk factors for burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Working continuous shifts is associated with lower professional efficacy.
“In one study, working continuous shifts was associated with lower professional effi cacy, although, no distinction was made as to which type of work shift is more prejudicial to professional efficacy (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Leadership or supervisor responsibility diminishes cynicism.
“two showed that leadership or supervisor re sponsibility diminished cynicism (Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Rotating work shifts increase exhaustion and depersonalisation.
“Rotating work shifts were found to increase exhaustion and depersonalisation (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
An inflexible work schedule is a risk factor for burnout.
“An inflexible work schedule was also found to be a risk factor for burnout (Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10
Having responsibility is a risk factor for overall burnout and exhaustion.
“On the other hand, having re sponsibility was described as a risk factor for overall burnout and exhaustion in one study (Bawa and Kaur, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Role conflicts are a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Two studies re ported role conflicts as a risk factor for burnout (Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Yang et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Yang et al., 2019 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Inability to participate in the decision-making process is associated with higher levels of burnout in police officers.
“With respect to police officers ' control over their work, low decision latitude, inability to participate in the decision-making process, and its commu nication was associated with higher levels of burnout (BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Padyab et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Padyab et al., 2016 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Lack of recognition or effort-reward imbalance is associated with higher burnout across four studies in police officers.
“Similar findings relative to a lack of recog nition or effort-reward imbalance were reported across four studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
In another study, political interference in the organisation is not significantly associated with burnout in police officers.
“Political interference in the organisation was investigated in two studies, and whilst one study reported a positive association with overall burnout, in the other study, the relationship was not significant (Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Organisational culture and climate increase burnout in police officers.
“Organisa tional culture and climate increased burnout (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Job demands are associated with higher burnout levels in police officers.
“demands were associated with higher burnout levels (Basinska et al., 2014; Brady, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Role ambiguity is associated with higher burnout levels in police officers.
“one found that role ambi guity was associated with higher burnout levels (Kumar and Kamala nabhan, 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Sense of personal control at the workplace is associated with decreased burnout in police officers.
“The sense of personal control at the workplace was also associ ated with a decrease in burnout (Dudek et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dudek et al., 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
The absence of leadership at work is significantly related to exhaustion's increment, representing a risk factor for police officers.
“The absence of leadership at work was significantly related to exhaustion ' s increment, representing a risk factor (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
In one study, political interference in the organisation is positively associated with overall burnout in police officers.
“Political interference in the organisation was investigated in two studies, and whilst one study reported a positive association with overall burnout, in the other study, the relationship was not significant (Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Poor communication of the decision-making process is associated with higher levels of burnout in police officers.
“With respect to police officers ' control over their work, low decision latitude, inability to participate in the decision-making process, and its commu nication was associated with higher levels of burnout (BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Padyab et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Padyab et al., 2016 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Health-oriented leadership significantly contributes to decreasing burnout among police officers through the creation of favourable healthy work conditions.
“Concerning leadership style, one study found that healthoriented leadership significantly contributed to decreasing the levels of burnout among police officers through the creation of favourable healthy work conditions (Santa Maria et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Santa Maria et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Cognitive demands help mitigate burnout.
“Physical, mental, and emotional demands also increased burnout, whereas cognitive demands seemed to help mitigate burnout (Bakker and Heuven, 2006; Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; Hu et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Gender role stress is associated with decreased personal accomplishment in women police officers.
“Gender role stress (characterized by a gender-based cognitive appraisal of specific situations) was associated with increased exhaustion and depersonalisation in men, and decreased personal accomplishment in women (Tang and Lau, 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tang and Lau, 1996 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Police officers working in urban environments are more prone to higher levels of exhaustion compared to officers who do not.
“Officers working in urban environments were more prone to higher levels of exhaustion compared to officers who did not, and officers working in larger departments reported less cynicism (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Perceived unfairness is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“and perceived unfairness (Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Police officers working in larger departments report less cynicism.
“Officers working in urban environments were more prone to higher levels of exhaustion compared to officers who did not, and officers working in larger departments reported less cynicism (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Acute fatigue and feeling overwhelmed from performing excessive demands are associated with higher burnout levels.
“Acute fatigue and feeling overwhelmed from performing excessive demands were associated with higher burnout levels (Basinska et al., 2014; Brady, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Low decision latitude is associated with higher levels of burnout in police officers.
“With respect to police officers ' control over their work, low decision latitude, inability to participate in the decision-making process, and its commu nication was associated with higher levels of burnout (BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013; Bawa and Kaur, 2011; Padyab et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites BacktemanErlanson et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Padyab et al., 2016 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Co-worker support is associated with lower levels of burnout in police officers (in two studies).
“Co-worker support was found to be associated with lower levels of burnout in two studies (Miller et al., 2017; Richardsen et al., 2006), whilst one study reported an increase of burnout (Hu et al., 2016), and two others found no association (BaruchFeldman et al., 2002; Bawa and Kaur, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Experiencing an increase in job demands exacerbates the levels of burnout.
“Moreover, having chronic high or low job demands was not associated with burnout, but experiencing an increase or decrease in job demands exacerbates or mitigates the levels of burnout, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Frequent indirect exposure to crimes against children is associated with an increase in burnout in police officers.
“In one study on internet child exploitation, the researchers reported that frequent indirect exposure to crimes against children and the weekly hours working in such cases were associated with an increase in burnout (Brady, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Co-worker support is associated with an increase of burnout in police officers (in one study).
“Co-worker support was found to be associated with lower levels of burnout in two studies (Miller et al., 2017; Richardsen et al., 2006), whilst one study reported an increase of burnout (Hu et al., 2016), and two others found no association (BaruchFeldman et al., 2002; Bawa and Kaur, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Co-worker support has no association with burnout in police officers (in two studies).
“Co-worker support was found to be associated with lower levels of burnout in two studies (Miller et al., 2017; Richardsen et al., 2006), whilst one study reported an increase of burnout (Hu et al., 2016), and two others found no association (BaruchFeldman et al., 2002; Bawa and Kaur, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites BaruchFeldman et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Experiencing a decrease in job demands mitigates the levels of burnout.
“Moreover, having chronic high or low job demands was not associated with burnout, but experiencing an increase or decrease in job demands exacerbates or mitigates the levels of burnout, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
High exposure and satisfaction related to family support are associated with increased burnout in police officers (in one study).
“High exposure and satisfaction related to family support were associated with increased burnout in one study whilst, in another, mitigated burnout levels (Baruch-Feldman et al., 2002; Beltran et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Stress of conscience from being exposed to morally ambiguous situations is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Two studies found that stress of conscience from being exposed to morally ambiguous situations represented a risk factor for burnout (Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013; Padyab et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingnone given§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Findings on supervisors' social support and burnout are divergent across five studies.
“Regarding su pervisors ' social support, divergent results were reported in five studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Having chronic high or low job demands is not associated with burnout.
“Moreover, having chronic high or low job demands was not associated with burnout, but experiencing an increase or decrease in job demands exacerbates or mitigates the levels of burnout, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Interactions with the public are not significantly associated with burnout in police officers.
“Interactions with the public were not significantly associated with burnout (Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Constantly low job resources are associated with increased burnout.
“It was found that having constantly high job resources, even in an environment where the demands are high, did not help mitigate burnout levels, however, an inverse association was found indicating that when the job resources were constantly low, burnout increased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
In a high-demand environment, experiencing an increase in job resources contributes to a decrease in burnout.
“In addition, experiencing an increase or decrease in job resources, in a high-demand environment, contributed to a decrease or increase in burnout, respec tively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Supervisors' social support has protective effects on burnout in police officers.
“Three other studies reported protective effects of supervisors ' social support on burnout (Baruch-Feldman et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2017; Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
In a high-demand environment, experiencing a decrease in job resources contributes to an increase in burnout.
“In addition, experiencing an increase or decrease in job resources, in a high-demand environment, contributed to a decrease or increase in burnout, respec tively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Weekly hours working on internet child exploitation cases are associated with an increase in burnout in police officers.
“In one study on internet child exploitation, the researchers reported that frequent indirect exposure to crimes against children and the weekly hours working in such cases were associated with an increase in burnout (Brady, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady, 2017 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11
Work-family conflict contributes to an increment of burnout in police officers.
“Pressures on work-family relations were examined in two studies and in both, a conflict in the work-family dy namic contributed to an increment of burnout (Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Supervisor support is associated with more exhaustion in police officers.
“One study found that supervisor support was associated with more exhaustion (Hu et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11
Constantly high job resources did not help mitigate burnout levels even in an environment where demands are high.
“It was found that having constantly high job resources, even in an environment where the demands are high, did not help mitigate burnout levels, however, an inverse association was found indicating that when the job resources were constantly low, burnout increased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Irritability exacerbates cynicism in police officers.
“Traits associated with type A personality, such as achievement striving and irritability were found to mitigate and exac erbate cynicism, respectively (Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Richardsen et al., 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Police officers' belief in the capacity to self-regulate negative mood states is associated with lower burnout.
“Similar relationships were found between burnout, psychological resilience (Miller et al., 2017), and police offi cers ' belief in the capacity to self-regulating negative mood states (Ricca, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ricca, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12
Half of the studies included in this review addressed sociodemographic variables within their research.
“Overall, half of the studies included in this review addressed sociodemographic variables within their research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
The studies' populations were composed mainly of caucasian police officers with a small presence of other ethnicities.
“Studies report that caucasians suffer more burnout than other ethnicities, however, the studies ' populations were composed mainly of caucasian police officers with a small presence of other ethnicities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
The included studies that approached operational factors were not specific in the type of stressors experienced by the police officers.
“Few of the included studies approached opera tional factors, and the ones that did were not specific in the type of stressors experienced by the police officers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12
Work-related factors were all risk factors for burnout.
“Social interactions, con sisting mostly of social support proved to be a contributing protective factor against burnout, whereas work-related factors were all risk factors for burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
Few of the included studies approached operational factors.
“Few of the included studies approached opera tional factors, and the ones that did were not specific in the type of stressors experienced by the police officers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Trait anger increases burnout levels in police officers.
“Trait anger increased burnout levels (Baruch-Feldman et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baruch-Feldman et al., 2002 source
- Findingcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
The majority of the studies in this review focused on organisational factors and less on operational factors.
“In this review, the majority of the studies focused on organisational factors and less on operational factors (McCreary and Thompson, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McCreary and Thompson, 2006 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Low and high-arousal negative emotions are associated with increased burnout in police officers.
“In another study, low and high-arousal negative emotions were associated with increased burnout whilst high-arousal positive emotions helped to mitigate it (Basinska et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Basinska et al., 2014 source
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Achievement striving mitigates cynicism in police officers.
“Traits associated with type A personality, such as achievement striving and irritability were found to mitigate and exac erbate cynicism, respectively (Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Richardsen et al., 2006 source
- Findingown data§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12
Social interactions, consisting mostly of social support, proved to be a contributing protective factor against burnout.
“Social interactions, con sisting mostly of social support proved to be a contributing protective factor against burnout, whereas work-related factors were all risk factors for burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
High levels of vigilance, self-reliance, tension, apprehension, and privateness are associated with higher burnout levels in police officers.
“On the other hand, officers that displayed high levels of traits such as vigilance, selfreliance, tension, apprehension, and privateness were found to report higher burnout levels (Medina, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
High-arousal positive emotions help mitigate burnout in police officers.
“In another study, low and high-arousal negative emotions were associated with increased burnout whilst high-arousal positive emotions helped to mitigate it (Basinska et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Basinska et al., 2014 source
- Findingown data§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12
Occupational factors and social interactions were the most investigated and consistent variables in terms of relationship directions with burnout.
“Occupational factors and social interactions, on the other hand, were found to be the most investigated and consistent variables in terms of relationship directions with burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12
Higher scores in emotional intelligence protect against burnout in police officers.
“With relation to psychological abilities and emotional states, two studies concluded that higher scores in emotional intelligence was protecting against burnout (Ricca, 2004; Thomas, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ricca, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Thomas, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12
High levels of personality traits such as neuroticism, vigilance, tension, apprehension, privateness, and other dispositional traits, namely irritability (Type A personality) and negative emotional states were consistently associated with increased levels of burnout.
“High levels of personality traits such as neuroticism, vigilance, L. Alves et al. tension, apprehension, privateness, and other dispositional traits, namely irritability (Type A personality) and negative emotional states were consistently associated with increased levels of burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13
Most of the included studies (70.7%) are from high-income countries.
“most of the studies are from high-income countries (70.7 %)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1
Burnout, despite being strictly defined as an occupational phenomenon, is related to factors outside of this context.
“Burnout, despite being strictly defined as an occupational phenomenon, is related to factors outside of this context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In Beltran et al. (2009), the frequency and satisfaction of work-related social support increased the risk of burnout among Mexican traffic police officers.
“The frequency and satisfaction of work- related social support increased the risk of burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beltran et al. (2009) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In Beltran et al. (2009), the frequency and satisfaction of family-related social support increased the risk of burnout among Mexican traffic police officers.
“The frequency and satisfaction of family- related social support increased the risk”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beltran et al. (2009) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Hu et al. (2016), job control and participation in decision making showed negative correlations with exhaustion and cynicism.
“Job control and participation in showed negative correlations with exhaustion and cynicism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8
In Martinussen et al. (2007), positive correlations were found with work conflict and work-family pressure and burnout.
“Positive correlations were found with work conflict and work-family pressure and burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), bigger department sizes decreased cynicism among Norwegian police officers.
“Bigger department sizes decreased cynicism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Kepple (2018), organisational and operational stress were positively associated with burnout.
“Organisational and operational stress were potively associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kepple (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In the 2006 Norwegian study, having children decreased personal accomplishment.
“Having children decreased personal accomplishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2006]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Kumar and Kamalanabhan (2017), role ambiguity, work support, work overload, inflexible working hours, perceived unfairness, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict were associated with all three burnout dimensions.
“Role ambiguity, work support, work overload, inflexible working hours, perceived unfairness, work-family conflict and family-work conflict, were associated to all three burnout dimensions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kumar and Kamalanabhan (2017) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 6
In Euwema et al. (2004), job demands and rewards imbalance (lack of reciprocity) showed positive correlations with EE and DP.
“Job demands and rewards imbalance (lack of reciprocity) showed positive correlatiopns with EE and DP.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Euwema et al. (2004) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Kula (2017), organisational and operational stress were positively related to burnout.
“Organisational and operational stress were positively related to burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kula (2017) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), social support and a bigger sense of community decreased exhaustion among Norwegian police officers.
“Social support and a bigger sense of community decreased exhaustion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), working continuous shift-work decreased professional efficacy among Norwegian police officers.
“Working continuous shift-work decreased professional efficacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8
In Martinussen et al. (2007), positive correlations were found between exhaustion and work conflict and work-family pressure.
“Positive correlations were found between ehxaustion and work conflict and work- family pressure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Hu et al. (2017), chronic exposure to high and low job demands was associated with an increase in burnout.
“Chronic exposure to high and low job demands was associated with an increase in burnout;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2017)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5
In the 2006 Norwegian study, no difference was found among male or female police officers in relation to burnout dimensions.
“No difference was found among male or female police officers in relation to burnout dimensions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2006]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7
In Kepple (2018), trait mindfulness was negatively associated with burnout.
“Trait mindfulness was negatively associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kepple (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9
In Nascimento et al. (2020), the higher the service time (professional experience) the lower was the risk for developing burnout.
“The higher the service time (professional experience) the lower was the risk for developing burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nascimento et al. (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8
In Mella and Boutin (2013), focusing on emotions, mental disengagement, and seeking social support were associated with EE.
“Focusing on emotions, mental disengagment and seeking social support were associated with EE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mella and Boutin (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9
In Mostert and Rothmann (2006), job stress (because of job demands and lack of resources) was positively associated with exhaustion and cynicism.
“Job Stress (because of job demands and lack of resources) was positively associated with exhaustion and cynicism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mostert and Rothmann (2006) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9
In Mostert and Rothmann (2006), being Caucasian showed a positive association with increased burnout when compared to Indian police officers.
“Being Caucasian showed a positive association with increased burnout when compared to indian police officers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mostert and Rothmann (2006) source
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9
In Nascimento et al. (2020), low levels of physical activity increased the risk for developing burnout.
“Low levels of physical activity increased the risk for developing burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nascimento et al. (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8
In Medina (2007), operational stress and organisational stress were positively correlated with burnout.
“Operational stress and organisational stress were positively correlated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Study design and conductown data§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13
98% of the included studies had a cross-sectional design.
“since 98 % of the included studies had a cross-sectional design”
- Also stated in: § 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13 · plain
“Almost all of the studies included were cross-sectional”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13 · plain
- Interpretationreasoning§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13
Burnout can have a potentially causal contribution towards modifiable factors such as coping strategies.
“as burnout can have a potentially causal contribution towards them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13
All studies included in the review were considered strong or moderate in quality.
“All the studies included were considered strong or moderate in their quality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13
There is still insufficient research to establish well-grounded guidelines concerning the development of standard interventions for burnout.
“However, there is still insufficient research to establish well-grounded guidelines concerning the development of standard interventions for burnout (Heinemann and Heinemann, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Heinemann and Heinemann, 2017 source
- Study design and conductown data§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13
Some factors were examined in a limited number of studies, not allowing comparison within the findings.
“In addition, despite the fairly good number of studies included in this review some of the factors were examined in a limited number of studies, not allowing comparison within the findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13
Causal inferences could not be made because of the cross-sectional design of the included studies.
“causal inferences could not be made.”
- Also stated in: § 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13 · plain
“which does not allow for confirmation of causal relationships”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13 · plain
- Premisecitation§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13
The aetiology of burnout as an occupational phenomenon is not restricted to occupational factors.
“It is known that the aetiology of burnout as an occupational phenomenon is not restricted to occupational factors (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13
The overrepresentation of high-income countries can compromise the applicability of the findings to lower-income countries.
“which can compromise the applicability of the findings to lower-income countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 58
- May combine two claims. 45
- The quote only partly states this claim. 18
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ 2.1. Search strategy · p. 2The systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines established by PRISMA.
“This study is a systematic review of the literature that was conducted according to the guidelines established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Page et al., 2021 source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1Police officers who worked in big cities were more prone to higher levels of stress and posttraumatic stress disorder as they were more frequently exposed to violent and extreme situations.
“officers who worked in big cities were more prone to higher levels of stress and posttraumatic stress disorder as they were more frequently exposed to violent and extreme situations”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Galanis et al., 2021 source
The Discussion reports that officers working in large cities experienced more stress and suggests that frequent exposure to critical incidents may explain it. It also says such incidents may predispose officers to post-traumatic stress disorder, but does not report that big-city officers had higher PTSD levels than officers elsewhere. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Journal of Affective Disorders · p. 2Police activity is described in the literature as stressful, leading to poor physical and mental health outcomes over time, in which burnout is included.
“Police activity is, thus, described in the literature as stressful, leading to poor physical and mental health outcomes over time, in which burnout is included”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Magnavita et al., 2018 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes police work as physically and psychologically demanding and discusses chronic stress and PTSD. The paper also refers to physical and mental illness among police officers, but the passages found do not identify burnout as an outcome; a search for “burnout” found no matching passage. The claim is therefore supported in broad terms, but not in its specific inclusion of burnout. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Purba and Demou, 2019 source
The Background (Occupational stressors in police work; page unavailable) describes policing as inherently stressful, and the Results (Synthesis of results by outcome; page unavailable) report an association between police stress and burnout. The review addresses mental wellbeing outcomes, but these passages do not establish poor physical health outcomes or show that the outcomes develop over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12Agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness are negatively associated with burnout in police officers.
“Whereas, four studies reported negative associations between agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness with burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Garbarino et al., 2013; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Roth mann, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
- cites Garbarino et al., 2013 source
In the Results (Table 5; page unavailable), all four traits positively predict personal accomplishment; lower personal accomplishment is one facet of burnout, so this supports a negative association with that facet. The claim is broader than the findings: the four traits do not all show negative associations with professional exhaustion or depersonalisation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Medina, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12The different impact that organisational and operational factors may have on police officers' mental health, especially burnout, may be explained by the fact that individuals entering the police force are aware of the operational risks but are not ready for the administrative and bureaucratic aspects of the job.
“The different impact that organisational and operational factors may have on police officers ' mental health (Larsson et al., 2016), especially burnout, may be explained by the fact that the individuals entering the police force are aware of the operational risks but are not ready for the administrative and bureaucratic aspects of the job (Sherwood et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12A systematic review conducted with underrepresented minorities in medicine (Lawrence et al., 2022) reported this issue.
“This issue was also reported by a systematic review conducted with under represented minorities in medicine (Lawrence et al., 2022), therefore caution with the interpretation of the findings is required.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawrence et al., 2022 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12Operational stressors such as emotional trauma due to exposure to violent situations may show stronger associations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other adverse psychological outcomes, compared to burnout.
“It could also be that operational stressors such as emotional trauma due to exposure to violent situations show stronger associations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mona et al., 2019) or other adverse psycholog ical outcomes, compared to burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Mona et al., 2019 source
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12High job demands, effort-reward imbalance, low decision latitude, perceived injustice, low social support, lack of leadership, organisational culture, and working in urban environments were found to be associated with burnout.
“In terms or organisational factors, high job demands, effort-reward imbalance, low decision latitude, perceived injustice, low social sup port, lack of leadership, organisational culture, and working in urban environments were found to be associated with burnout, in line with the wide literature (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010; Purba and Demou, 2019; Sherwood et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010 source
- cites Purba and Demou, 2019 source
The Results (Evidence synthesis; page not provided) link job demands, low decision latitude, lack of support, perceived unfairness, leadership and organisational culture to burnout or its components. The Results (Synthesis of results by outcome) distinguish composite burnout from emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, so the sentence overstates how many factors were associated with burnout itself. Effort-reward imbalance is linked to psychological distress in the review's results, though the Discussion reports a separate study linking it to burnout; no retrieved passage supports working in urban environments. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Sherwood et al., 2019 source
The Burnout section (page unavailable) associates high demands, high effort and low reward, perceived unfairness, and low social or organizational support with burnout or its components. The Discussion (page unavailable) instead links low decision latitude to PTSD, and the passages found do not identify lack of leadership, organizational culture, or urban work environments as burnout risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12A meta-analytical study revealed that age does not appear to have a significant relationship with burnout.
“A review conducted with police officers (Galanis et al., 2021) had previously reported that stress increased with age, although a meta-analytical study revealed that age does not appear to have a significant relationship with burnout (Aguayo et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Aguayo et al., 2017 source
The Discussion concludes that age does not appear to be a risk factor for burnout in police officers, supporting the broad point. But the Distribution of effect sizes reports a small, statistically significant correlation between age and depersonalization, a burnout dimension. The claim is therefore too broad if “significant relationship” means statistical significance. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12A review conducted with police officers (Galanis et al., 2021) had previously reported that stress increased with age.
“A review conducted with police officers (Galanis et al., 2021) had previously reported that stress increased with age, although a meta-analytical study revealed that age does not appear to have a significant relationship with burnout (Aguayo et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Galanis et al., 2021 source
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12Psychological hardiness and dispositional mindfulness protect against burnout in police officers.
“Concerning dispositional per sonality traits, psychological hardiness and dispositional mindfulness protected against burnout (Fyhn et al., 2016; Hills and Norvell, 1991; Kepple, 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Fyhn et al., 2016 source
The Abstract and Discussion report that psychological hardiness predicted burnout among Norwegian police investigators, supporting the hardiness part of the claim. The Results show an association, not a demonstrated protective effect, and the paper does not address dispositional mindfulness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Hills and Norvell, 1991 source
- cites Kepple, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13A systematic review on risk factors of police officer's stress (Galanis et al., 2021) reported that planning, immediate response to the problem, and seeking help from others were good strategies against stressful situations.
“A systematic review on risk factors of police officer ' s stress (Galanis et al., 2021) reported similar findings, in which police officers that used negative coping such as denial, avoidance, self-blame, distraction, lack of planning, lack of control and humour experienced higher levels of stress, whereas planning, immediate response to the problem, and seeking help from others wer”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Galanis et al., 2021 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13In 11 years (1999, 2003, 2004, 2007-2014), 1241 suicide deaths of police officers occurred in the USA, making police officers 54% more likely to die from suicide compared to all other worker decedents in the study.
“In 11 years (1999, 2003, 2004, 2007 -2014) a total of 1241 suicide deaths of police officers occurred in the USA, making police officers 54 % more likely to die from suicide compared to all other worker decedents in the study (Violanti and Steege, 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Violanti and Steege, 2021 source
The Results report 1,241 suicide deaths and a 54% higher proportion of suicide deaths for the broader category of all law enforcement workers during the stated years. That category includes corrections personnel and other workers, not just police officers. The narrower detectives/criminal investigators/police category had 737 deaths and a 64% higher proportion. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13Police officers, in many cases, are the first to come in contact with people suffering from mental illness, leaving them with the discretionary task of making arrests or escorting these people for a mental health assessment or treatment.
“It is also important to remember that police officers, in many cases, are the first to come in contact with people suffering from mental illness, leaving police officers with the discretionary task of making arrests or escorting these people for a mental health assessment or treatment (Soares and Pinto da Costa, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Soares and Pinto da Costa, 2019 source
The Introduction (page not specified) says police officers are among the first professionals to interact with people requiring compulsory admission. The Results, under “Police Activity and Compulsory Admission” (page not specified), describe transporting people for medical evaluation, but distinguish this from criminal detention; they do not describe a discretionary choice between arrest and escort for assessment or treatment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13It is well documented that physical activity has considerable beneficial effects on overall health, protecting against individual physical morbidities and improving psychological well-being by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression.
“It is well documented that physical activity has considerable beneficial ef fects on overall health, protecting against individual physical morbid ities and improving psychological well-being by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression (Warburton et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Warburton et al., 2006 source
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3Having children was associated with lower personal accomplishment.
“Having children was experienced by police officers as associated with lower personal accomplishment (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3. Results · p. 2The total number of study participants was 16,017; sample sizes ranged from 50 to 1794; the percentage of female officers ranged from 0% to 44%, with three studies including only men.
“The total number of study participants was 16,017, the sample sizes ranged from 50 to 1794, and the percentage of female officers ranged from 0 % to 44 % with three studies including only men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1Most studies are from high-income countries.
“Most studies are from high-income countries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3Another study reported lower burnout for men.
“whereas another study (Brady, 2017) reported lower burnout for men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady, 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1Not all included studies used the same burnout measurement tool.
“Not all used the same burnout measurement tool.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3. Results · p. 2The included studies were conducted in the USA (k=9), Norway (k=5), Poland (k=4), China (k=3), Spain (k=3), India (k=2), Mexico (k=2), Netherlands (k=2), Sweden (k=2), Ukraine (k=2), Brazil (k=1), Chile (k=1), Germany (k=1), Italy (k=1), South Africa (k=1), Taiwan (k=1), and Turkey (k=1).
“These studies were conducted in the USA (k = 9), Norway (k = 5), Poland (k = 4), China (k = 3), Spain (k = 3), India (k = 2), Mexico (k = 2), Netherlands (k = 2), Sweden (k = 2), Ukraine (k = 2), Brazil (k = 1), Chile (k = 1), Germany (k = 1), Italy (k = 1), South Africa (k = 1), Taiwan (k = 1), and Turkey (k = 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ 3.1. Socio-demographic factors · p. 3One study stated that being African-American was negatively associated with burnout as compared to being Caucasian.
“With relation to ethnicity, one study stated that being African-American was negatively associated with burnout as compared to being Caucasian (Miller et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller et al., 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3. Results · p. 2The search resulted in 904 records, of which 274 were duplicates and excluded; 630 records were screened, 548 excluded; 82 full texts were screened and 41 were finally included in the review.
“The search resulted in a total of 904 records, of which 274 were duplicates and therefore excluded. The remaining 630 records went through a first screening phase based on the title and abstract, and 548 records were excluded. Full texts of 82 records were screened and 41 were finally included in the review.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10Work shifts and overtime work are not significantly associated with burnout.
“However, in four studies, work shifts and overtime work were not significantly associated with burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Martinussen et al., 2007; Medina, 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10Burnout follows a U-shape with years of service: it increases until 6-15 years of service, then decreases after 16 years, predicting lesser exhaustion and depersonalisation.
“One study revealed a U-shape distribution where burnout increased until 6 -15 years of service, and after 16 years would start decreasing gradually, predicting lesser exhaustion and depersonalisation (Dur ´ an et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Durán et al., 2006 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10Job tenure is associated with decreased burnout levels.
“However, two studies reported job tenure to be associated with decreased burnout”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Backteman-Erlanson et al., 2013 source
- cites Nascimento et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10No significant relationship exists between rank/leadership and burnout.
“Only one study found no significant relationship (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11Work-post has no association with burnout.
“The second study found no associations with burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013 source
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11Physical, mental, and emotional demands increase burnout.
“Physical, mental, and emotional demands also increased burnout, whereas cognitive demands seemed to help mitigate burnout (Bakker and Heuven, 2006; Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006; Hu et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11Gender role stress is associated with increased exhaustion and depersonalisation in men police officers.
“Gender role stress (characterized by a gender-based cognitive appraisal of specific situations) was associated with increased exhaustion and depersonalisation in men, and decreased personal accomplishment in women (Tang and Lau, 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tang and Lau, 1996 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11Role ambiguity shows no relationship with burnout in police officers.
“whilst the second one showed no relationship (Bawa and Kaur, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bawa and Kaur, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ 3.3. Operational factors · p. 11Family support mitigates burnout levels in police officers (in another study).
“High exposure and satisfaction related to family support were associated with increased burnout in one study whilst, in another, mitigated burnout levels (Baruch-Feldman et al., 2002; Beltran et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11Higher exposure and satisfaction from work-related support is associated with higher risk of burnout for police officers.
“However, one study found that the higher the exposure and the satisfaction gathered from work-related support the higher the risk of burnout for police officers (Beltran et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beltran et al., 2009 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11There is no relationship between supervisor support and burnout in police officers.
“One study found no relationship (Kula, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kula, 2017 source
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 11High levels of work-related support diminish burnout and low levels increase burnout in police officers.
“Similarly, high levels of work-related support diminish burnout and vice-versa (Brady, 2017; Kumar and Kamala nabhan, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12Psychological resilience is associated with lower burnout in police officers.
“Similar relationships were found between burnout, psychological resilience (Miller et al., 2017), and police offi cers ' belief in the capacity to self-regulating negative mood states (Ricca, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller et al., 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingreasoning§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12The studies were not detailed in stating what type of operational situations could be associated with burnout.
“The studies were not detailed in stating what type of operational situations could be associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12Personality traits and coping strategies were examined in 19 studies and showed consistency within the results.
“With relation to personality traits and coping strategies, these were examined in 19 studies and showed consistency within the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12For age, sex, marital and parental status, education, and ethnicity, inconsistencies and inexistent associations with burnout were found.
“For age, sex, marital and parental status, education, and ethnicity, inconsistencies and inexistent associations with burnout were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.4. Personality variables · p. 12Warmth, emotional stability, social boldness, openness, and liveliness are associated with decreased burnout in police officers.
“Warmth, emotional stability, social boldness, openness, and liveliness were associated with decreased burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4.1. Key findings · p. 12Operational factors were the least examined and the least specified.
“Operational factors, however, were the least examined and the least specified.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 13High levels in traits such as agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, hardiness, mindfulness, achievement striving (Type A personality), emotional intelligence, mood regulation, and positive emotional states seemed to protect against burnout.
“On the contrary, high levels in traits such as agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, hardiness, mindfulness, achievement striving (Type A personality), emotional intelligence, mood regulation, and positive emotional states seemed to protect against burnout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ 4.4. Implications of the findings for future practice and research · p. 13Research on burnout in police officers is focusing more on factors that may potentially cause burnout instead of those that may protect against it.
“Furthermore, it was also noticed that research on burnout in police officers is focusing more on factors that may potentially cause burnout instead of those that may protect against it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13Not all included studies used the same burnout measurement tool, and in some cases burnout was measured through isolated subscales.
“Not all studies used the same burnout measurement tool, and in some cases, burnout was measured through isolated subscales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data§ 2.4. Data analysis and quality assessment · p. 2Two authors independently performed quality assessment of the included studies using the CASP Checklist for Cohort studies.
“Two authors (LAI and LAb) independently performed the quality assessment of the studies using the CASP Checklist for Cohort studies (CASP, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites CASP, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Brady (2017), home life support (family) and the use of positive coping strategies showed a negative correlation with burnout among Internet Crimes Against Children personnel.
“Home life support (family) and the use of positive coping strategies showed a negative correlation with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady (2017) source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ A B S T R A C T · p. 1Since 98% of the included studies had a cross-sectional design, causal inferences could not be made.
“Since 98 % had a cross-sectional design, causal inferences could not be made.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognised burnout as an occupational phenomenon and included it in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
“In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognised burnout as an occupational phenomenon and included it in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites World Health Organization, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), overtime work was not significant.
“Overtime work was not significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Kula (2017), supervisor support was not directly associated with burnout.
“Supervisor support was not directly associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kula (2017) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), working in an urban environment, high workload, and emotional demands increased exhaustion among Norwegian police officers.
“Working in urban environment, high workload and emotional demands increased exhaustion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), trauma history, spiritual coping, age of child victim, and working undercover did not show significant correlations with burnout among Norwegian police officers.
“Trauma history, spiritual coping, age of child victim and working undercover did not show significant correlations with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), sex was not associated with burnout.
“Sex was not associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hu et al. (2016), workload, mental demands, physical demands, supervisor support, support, renqing reward, and renqing investment showed positive correlations with exhaustion and cynicism.
“Workload, mental demands, physical demands, supervisor support, support, renqing reward and renqing investment showed positive with exhaustion and cynicism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), autonomy and social support were negatively correlated with burnout.
“Autonomy and social support where negatively correlated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), longer tenure, lower social support, role conflict, less information, more quantitative demands, and fewer cognitive demands increased cynicism among Norwegian police officers.
“Longer tenure, lower social support, role conflict, less information, more quantitative demands and fewer cognitive demands increased cynicism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In the 2006 Norwegian study, having a partner increased exhaustion, depersonalisation, and decreased accomplishment.
“Having partner increased exhaustion, depersonalisation and decreased accomplishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2006]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 6In Euwema et al. (2004), sex and marital status showed no significance.
“Sex and marital status showed no significance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Euwema et al. (2004) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), exhaustion was the only burnout dimension that showed a significant relationship with age.
“Exhaustion was the only burnout dimension that showed a significant relationship with age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Burke and Mikkelsen (2006), being men and having greater cognitive demands, social support, and sense of community increased professional efficacy among Norwegian police officers.
“Being men and having greater cognitive demands, social support and sense of community increased professional efficacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen (2006) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), regarding cynicism, leadership, autonomy, and social support showed negative correlations.
“Regarding cynicism, leadership, autonomy and social support showed negative correlations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hills and Norvell (1991), neuroticism was significant and positively associated with EE.
“Neuroticism was significant and positively associated with EE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hills and Norvell (1991) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Brady (2017), low organisational support, feeling overwhelmed, and frequent indirect exposure to crimes against children were positively correlated with burnout among Internet Crimes Against Children personnel.
“Low organisational support, feeling overwhelmed and frequent indirect exposure to crimes against children were positively correlated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brady (2017) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Martinussen et al. (2007), public interaction was not associated with burnout.
“Public interaction were not associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Martinussen et al. (2007) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Dudek et al. (2001), active coping style was only negatively associated with DP.
“Active coping style was only negatively associated with DP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dudek et al. (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hu et al. (2016), job demands and guanxi exchange were positively associated with burnout.
“Job demands and guanxi exchange were positively associaed with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hu et al. (2016), task resources was negatively associated with burnout.
“Task resources was negatively associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In Dudek et al. (2001), sense of control significantly increased exhaustion and depersonalisation and decreased personal accomplishment.
“Sense of control was significantly increased exhaustion, depersonalisation and decreased personal accomplishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dudek et al. (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hu et al. (2017), increased exposure to job demands and job resources was associated with an increase and a decrease in burnout, respectively.
“Increased exposure to job demands and job resources was associated with an increase and a decrease in burnout, respectively;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hu et al. (2017)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 6In Euwema et al. (2004), avoidance coping style increased burnout, and job tenure decreased it.
“Avoidance coping style increased burnout, and job tenure decreased it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Euwema et al. (2004) source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 5In the 2006 Norwegian study, being older and having more years of service decreased personal accomplishment.
“Being older and having more years of service decreased personal accomplishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2006]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 7In Hills and Norvell (1991), from the independent variables (Perceived stress scale, Daily hassles scale, Police stress scale) only perceived stress scale was associated with increased burnout.
“From the independent variables (Perceived stress scale, Daily hassles scale, Police stress scale) only perceived stress scale was associated with increased burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hills and Norvell (1991) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Mella and Boutin (2013), age and marital status showed no association with burnout.
“Age and marital status showed no association with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mella and Boutin (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Medina (2007), autonomy and social support were positively correlated with professional efficacy.
“Autonomy and social support were positively correlated with professional efficacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), perceived organisational and co-worker support was negatively related to burnout.
“Perceived organisational and co-worker support was negatively related to burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), only emotion regulation showed a significant negative effect in DP.
“Only emotion regulation showed a significant negative effect in DP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Medina (2007), age was related to exhaustion and personal accomplishment.
“Age was related to exhaustion and personal accomplishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), being older, woman, and African-American were negatively associated with burnout.
“Being older, woman and African- American were negatively associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), only others appraisal, use of emotions, and emotions regulation showed a positive effect in PA.
“Only others appraisal, use of emotions and emotions regulation showed a positive effect in PA”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Medina (2007), race was only related to depersonalisation.
“Race was only related to depersonalisation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Medina (2007), 16 Personality factors: Warmth, emotional stability, social boldness, openness to change were negatively related with EE and DP; Vigilance, apprehension, self-reliance, and tension were positively related to EE and DP (with exception of apprehension).
“16 Personality factors: Warmth; emotional stability; social boldness; openness to change; were negatively related with EE and DP; Vigilance, apprehension, self-reliance and tension were positively related to EE and DP (with exception of apprehension).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Mella and Boutin (2013), seeking social support and not avoiding organisational or operational stressors increased PA.
“Seeking social support and not avoiding organisational or operational stressors, increased PA”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mella and Boutin (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Mostert and Rothmann (2006), age and sex were not associated with burnout.
“Age and sex were not associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mostert and Rothmann (2006) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), years of service showed a positive association with burnout.
“Years of service showed a positive association with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), marital status, educational level, and employment status were not associated with burnout.
“Marital status, educational level, employment status were not associated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 8In Medina (2007), sex, education, marital status, and shift hours were not associated with burnout.
“Sex, education, marital status and shift hours were notassociated with burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Medina (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ Table I ( continued ) · p. 9In Thomas (2021), the absence of formal debriefing was associated with increased burnout.
“The abscence of formal debriefing was associated with increased burnout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ 3.2. Organisational factors · p. 10No distinction was made as to which type of work shift is more prejudicial to professional efficacy.
“In one study, working continuous shifts was associated with lower professional effi cacy, although, no distinction was made as to which type of work shift is more prejudicial to professional efficacy (Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke and Mikkelsen, 2006 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 4.2. Comparison with the literature · p. 12Age can be confounded with work experience, resulting in a survival bias whereby early career workers reporting higher burnout levels are more inclined to leave their job, leaving a cohort of older workers that, by staying in the job, have likely shown a greater ability to adapt to burnout and are therefore more likely to report lower burnout levels.
“This should be interpreted with caution as age can be confounded with work experience, resulting in a survival bias whereby early career workers reporting higher burnout levels are more inclined to leave their job, leaving a cohort of older workers that, by staying in the job, have likely shown a greater ability to adapt to burnout and are therefore more likely to report lower burnout level”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Maslach et al., 2001 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13This is the first systematic review examining the risk and protective factors of burnout in police officers.
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review examining the risk and protective factors of burnout in police officers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoning§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13Although four of the most used databases were searched, there may have been articles published elsewhere that were not captured.
“Lastly, although four of the most used databases were searched for eligible articles, there may have been articles published elsewhere which may not have been captured in this search.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ 4.3. Strengths and limitations · p. 13The samples included in the review covered a wide range of police officers, from specific police branches to general police forces, excluding recruits or those in training.
“The samples included in this review covered a wide range of police officers, from specific police branches to general police forces, excluding those who were considered recruits or in training.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The specific factors that may influence burnout levels in police officers are not yet clear.
“The specific factors that may influence burnout levels in police officers are not yet clear.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Chronic job-demand finding reverses between table and text
MajorThe table says chronic exposure to high and low job demands was associated with increased burnout, while the results narrative says chronic high or low demands were not associated with burnout.
“Chronic exposure to high and low job demands was associated with an increase in burnout”
“having chronic high or low job demands was not associated with burnout”
Basinska study's female count and percentage disagree
MinorThe table lists 29 women among 169 participants. That is 17.16%, rather than the reported 15%.
Reported 15 · recomputed 17.159763
“15 % women (N = 29)”
Smoktunowicz sex counts do not add to the sample size
MinorThe reported counts of 124 women and 483 men total 607, whereas the table gives this study's sample size as 625.
Reported 625 · recomputed 607
“124 (20 %) women and 483 (80 %) men;”
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Risk factors for adverse health in military and law enforcement personnel; an umbrella review
Stegerhoek, P. M., Kooijman, K., Ziesemer, K. A., IJzerman, H., Kuijer, P., & Verhagen, E. A. L. M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20553-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., Mitchell, K. J., & O’Brien, J. E. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106757 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This risk is intricately linked to the interplay between compassion fatigue and secondary traumatic stress (Alves et al., 2023; Brady, 2017; Canfield, 2005; Perez et al., 2010; Pirelli et al., 2020), both integral components of the theoretical framework shaping this study.”
Sondhi, A., Harding, R., & Williams, E. P. (2024) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2024.2426172 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A recent series of reviews (Alves et al., 2023; Correia et al., 2023; Galanis et al., 2021; Purba & Demou, 2019; Sherwood et al., 2019) have identified common factors associated with stress and burnout in policing, including demographic factors (such as age, gender, marital status), job…”
Correlates of intimate relationship satisfaction among investigators of child sexual abuse material
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., O’Brien, J. E., & Mitchell, K. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1237510 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mitchell, K. J., O’Brien, J. E., & Gewirtz‐Meydan, A. (2024) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2024.100245 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“12 The stakes are high: burnout is linked to both professional stressors and mental health problems among police that can affect an of fi cer ’ s personal integrity and that of others.”
BackgroundInfluentialBurnout among Chinese live streamers: Prevalence and correlates
Chen, S., Wang, H., Yang, S., Zhang, F., Gao, X., & Liu, Z. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301984 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Studies on police officers indicate a proportion ranging from 28% to 32% [17].”
Nazzal, Y., Dogru, F., Schlenke, J., Holzgreve, F., Karassavidis, I., Komanek-Prinz, V., Golbach, R., Wanke, E. M., Oremek, G. M., Groneberg, D. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23772-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barreto, A. C. M., Oliveira, J. N. S., & Suchecki, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1452429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…in active stress coping style (Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015; de Kloet and Molendijk, 2016); importantly, epidemiological studies and systematic reviews indicate that active coping style is a protective factor against depression in humans (Nagase et al., 2009; Labrague, 2021; Alves et al., 2023).”
BackgroundThe link between use-of-force and burnout amongst police officers: a meta-analysis
Mickelsson, T. B., Lazar, T., Emsing, M., & Ghazinour, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2026.1801589 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Empirically, police work is characterized by several factors known to contribute to burnout, including exposure to potentially traumatic events, shift work, and frequent interpersonal conflict (Alves et al., 2023; Ben Salah et al., 2025; Gomes et al., 2022).”
InfluentialXu, Y., Zhang, Q., Tuo, X., Tan, X., & Chen, X. (2025) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548251313968 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A systematic review suggested that sociodemographic factors, including gender, age, marital status, and educational level, had an impact on burnout in police (Alves et al., 2023).”
InfluentialKnight, K. E., Ellis, C., Miller, T., Neu, J., & Helfrich, L. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231211927 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Likewise, research on the culture of law enforcement has shown that cyni-cism is high among law enforcement officers (Alves et al., 2023).”
BackgroundModels for optimal management of psychosocial risks in the workplace
Bochkovskyi, А., & Sapozhnikova, N. Y. (2025) · Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0055.1118 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How Organizational Change Impacts Burnout for First-Responders and Emergency Healthcare Workers
Mazzetti, A. S., Grønstad, A., & Blenkinsopp, J. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0169-3.ch005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A systematic review of psychosocial hazard management across the emergency services sector
Bachmann, A., Vincent, G. E., Thomas, M. J. W., Ford, A., & Sprajcer, M. A. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107060 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Carire-Quispe, K. S., Condori-Sulca, N. A. M., Bueno-Dueñas, J. C., & Travezaño-Cabrera, A. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2623307 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Li, M., Chen, S.-R., Jiang, D., & Qu, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3436081/v1
The motivational and volitional sphere of transport police officers
Карловна, М. С., Nikulina, T. I., Викторовна, З. Е., et al. (2024) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202447106013
Knight, K. E., Ellis, C., & Clevenger, S. (2024) · International Journal of Rural Criminology · doi:10.18061/ijrc.v8i4.9778
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE MILITARY POLICE AND THE IMPACT ON THEIR FINANCIAL STABILITY
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Relationship between burnout, job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing in Spanish Civil Guard
García-Guirao, N. M., Izquierdo, M. G., Giner-Alegría, C. A., & García, J. M. D. H. (2025) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2025.2521503 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The working conditions of police officers have also been highlighted as playing a crucial role in both job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing (Alves et al., 2023; Brady & King, 2018; Grau-Alberola et al., 2024; Miles-Johnson & Pickering, 2017).”
Paulo, M., Vagos, P., da Silva, D. R., Castilho, P., Soares, J., Sousa, R., Hellmig, F., & Rijo, D. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100955
Burnout Syndrome and emotional work in military police: a hierarchical dyadic analysis
Taube, M. E., & Carlotto, M. S. (2025) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/1982-0275202542e230092
Kyranides, M. N., Antoniadou, M., Papageorgiou, K. Α., & Kloess, J. A. (2025) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x251378945
Minjoz, S., Collin‐Vézina, D., Genest, C., Carleton, R. N., Ricciardelli, R., Moll, S. E., St-Hilaire, G., & Geoffrion, S. (2025) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-025-00804-y
“The underlying assumption of PFA is how supporting putative protective factors for PTSI should mitigate symptoms [116–119].”
Wang, S., Gao, Y., & Xiao, X. (2025) · doi:10.1145/3768801.3768844
“Accurate assessment and timely interventions contribute to mitigating burnout risk [3, 4].”
Relationship between Police Officers’ Religiosity and Occupational Burnout in Arusha City, Tanzania
Jakaya, M., & Mbuti, E. E. (2023) · EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STUDIES · doi:10.46606/eajmbs2023v03i03.0019
Saúde mental no trabalho policial: burnout e modos de enfrentamento em duas corporações brasileiras
de Oliveira, J. F., dos Santos, F. B., Arroyo, T. R., Vieira, E., Borges, M. A., & Lourenção, L. G. (2025) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.31211/rpics.2025.11.2.399
Izquierdo, M. G., García-Guirao, N. M., García, J. M. D. H., & Giner-Alegría, C. A. (2025) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaf055
Burnout and Psychological Distress During the Iron Swords War: First Responders at Greater Risk
Saar‐Ashkenazy, R., Bergman, Y. S., Sasson-Shoshan, T., & Binoun-Chaki, H. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70131
Síndrome de Burnout em Policiais Militares do Brasil: análise de fatores associados e mediação
Sotoriva, D., Taube, M. E., & Carlotto, M. S. (2025) · Revista Estudios Psicológicos · doi:10.35622/j.rep.2025.03.002
Panari, C., Mazzetti, G., Piccolo, E. L., Guglielmi, D., & Simbula, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29016-z
Hainagiu, S. M., & Drăgulinescu, A. (2025) · International Conference on Education Technology and Computer · doi:10.1109/icetc66579.2025.11387199 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…symptoms, burnout causes serious problems that affect people emotionally, mentally, psychologically, and physically, with significant consequences and impact on society in all areas of activity, from doctors and nurses [4]–[6], educators [7], teachers [8], to farmers [9] and other workers [10].”
Contreras, I. M., & Novaco, R. W. (2026) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2025-0218
Coping under pressure: police-specific stressors and mental health in Catalonia police forces
Moreno, A. F., Oliveira‐Silva, P., Hill, R., & Vilalta, S. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1800257
CONCEPT OF OPTIMAL PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS
Bochkovskyi, А., Sapozhnikova, N. Y., & Purich, V. (2026) · Labour protection problems in Ukraine · doi:10.36804/nndipbop.42-1.2026.49-58
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Regulation, resources, and job burnout among traffic auxiliary police in China: evidence from G City
Zheng, F., Liu, C., Wen, Y., & Zou, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1855841
“Both auxiliary police and regular police face elevated public-health and psychosocial risks (6).”
InfluentialXueying, M., Hutagalung, F. D., & Hussain, R. B. M. (2026) · Work · doi:10.1177/10519815261476659
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Campos, N. M. D. S., da Silva, P. A. V., Borçoi, A. R., Moreno, I. A. A., Cunha, E. R., Olinda, A. S., Quaioto, B. R., de Souza, M. L. M., Oliveira, L. H. G. D., Corrêa, C. H. P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.006
Responding to Alzheimer’s Disease Emergencies: Crisis Intervention Training for Law Enforcement
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Subjective Well-Being: Assessing the Stress, Job, and Life Satisfaction of Police Leaders
White, D. R., & Schafer, J. A. (2026) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548261484630 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unique challenges faced by rural police officers in New Zealand
Procter, J., & ware, J. (2026) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2026.2692929
Between the uniform and the toll: burnout and mental health among Brazilian Military Police
Evangelista, C. S., Furtado, K. F., da Rosa, V. S., Viana, A. C. W., Borges, E. M. D. N., & Paz, A. A. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2025-0429
“Most participants serve in lower ranking positions, work rotating shifts, and take on multiple duties, a combination that increases the risk of exhaustion and mental distance (6,26) .”
Entre a farda e o desgaste: estudo sobre burnout e saúde mental na polícia brasileira
Evangelista, C. S., Furtado, K. F., da Rosa, V. S., Viana, A. C. W., Borges, E. M. D. N., & Paz, A. A. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2025-0429pt
Wong, M. Y. C., & Louie, H. T. L. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09867-6
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Anxiety Impairs Sleep Quality Through Executive Function: Evidence from Chinese Police OfficersPreprint
Zhang, D., Xie, Y., Xie, Q., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10451987/v1
- Authors
- Alves, L., Abreo, L., Petkari, E., & Pinto da Costa, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (ES)
- ORCID
- Petkari, Eleni
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 332
- Pages
- 283-298
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4360943435
- Semantic Scholar
- d8706b7b018a10aaf09d7c359b9c87ee96a315f1
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- burnout, police officers, occupational stress, psychosocial risk factors, protective factors, organizational factors, operational factors, personality traits, coping strategies, sociodemographic factors, police mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Burnout, Professional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Police, Protective Factors
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