Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Law and order enforcement tasks may expose special force police officers to significant psychosocial risk factors. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between job stress and the presence of mental health symptoms while controlling sociodemographical, occupational and personality variables in special force police officers. METHOD: At different time points, 292 of 294 members of the 'VI Reparto Mobile', a special police force engaged exclusively in the enforcement of law and order, responded to our invitation to complete questionnaires for the assessment of personality traits, work-related stress (using the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) and the Effort-Reward-Imbalance (ERI) models) and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and burnout. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that lower levels of support and reward and higher levels of effort and overcommitment were associated with higher levels of mental health symptoms. Psychological screening revealed 21 (7.3%) likely cases of mild depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI≥10). Officers who had experienced a discrepancy between work effort and rewards showed a marked increase in the risk of depression (OR 7.89, 95% CI 2.32 to 26.82) when compared with their counterparts who did not perceive themselves to be in a condition of distress. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that work-related stress may play a role in the development of mental health problems in police officers. The prevalence of mental health symptoms in the cohort investigated here was low, but not negligible in the case of depression. Since special forces police officers have to perform sensitive tasks for which a healthy psychological functioning is needed, the results of this study suggest that steps should be taken to prevent distress and improve the mental well-being of these workers.
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Having control and autonomy in the management of tasks decreases burnout in police officers.
“On the other hand, having control and autonomy in the management of tasks was found to decrease burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2016; Martinussen et al., 2007; Richardsen et al., 2006; Smoktunowicz et al., 2015).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
The Stress measures section defines job control as including autonomy over work decisions, and the Results report that higher control was associated with less depersonalisation and was significantly associated with personal accomplishment, both burnout dimensions. But the study concerns a special police force unit and, as the Discussion states, cannot establish a causal relationship; it does not show that autonomy decreases burnout across police officers generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOvercommitment is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“as was overcommitment (Garbarino et al., 2013; Violanti et al., 2018)”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that higher overcommitment was associated with higher professional-exhaustion and depersonalisation scores in special-force police officers. But the Results say there were only three possible burnout cases, so the study did not test whether overcommitment increased the risk of burnout as a condition; the Discussion also says it could not establish causality. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased rewards result in lower burnout in police officers.
“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
The Abstract Results report that lower reward and higher effort were associated with more mental health symptoms, and the Discussion includes burnout among the outcomes associated with effort–reward imbalance in special-force police officers. But the Discussion explicitly says the study could not establish a causal relationship, so the claim that increased rewards “resulted in” lower burnout overstates the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeuroticism is a consistent risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Neuroticism was found to be a consistent risk factor for burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Farf ´ an et al., 2019; Garbarino et al., 2013; Hills and Norvell, 1991; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Rothmann, 2006).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
The Personality measure section defines emotional stability as the opposite of neuroticism, and the Results report that officers with lower emotional stability had higher scores on burnout dimensions. This supports an association in the studied special-force unit, but the paper does not establish neuroticism as a causal or consistently observed risk factor across police officers; the Discussion says causal relationships could not be established. The indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAgreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness are negatively associated with burnout in police officers.
“Whereas, four studies reported negative associations between agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness with burnout (De la Fuente Solana et al., 2013; Garbarino et al., 2013; Medina, 2007; Mostert and Roth mann, 2006).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
In the Results (Table 5; page unavailable), all four traits positively predict personal accomplishment; lower personal accomplishment is one facet of burnout, so this supports a negative association with that facet. The claim is broader than the findings: the four traits do not all show negative associations with professional exhaustion or depersonalisation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Higher ranks are associated with lower exhaustion.
“one study that higher ranks were associated with lower exhaustion (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
Increased efforts are associated with higher burnout in police officers.
“Increased efforts were associated with higher burnout whilst increased rewards resulted in lower burnout (Garbarino et al., 2013).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Garbarino et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Interior (IT)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Magnavita, Nicola
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e002791
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3717472
- OpenAlex
- W2131695063
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 16.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- occupational stress, mental health, police mental health, depression, anxiety, burnout, effort-reward imbalance, demand-control-support model, psychosocial risk factors, psychological screening, psychological well-being
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