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Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of experienced stigma on depth of multidimensional poverty of persons with severe mental illness (PSMI) in Delhi, India, controlling for gender, age and caste. DESIGN: Matching case (hospital)-control (population) study. SETTING: University Hospital (cases) and National Capital Region (controls), India. PARTICIPANTS: A case-control study was conducted from November 2011 to June 2012. 647 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders were recruited and 647 individuals of same age, sex and location of residence were matched as controls at a ratio of 1:2:1. Individuals who refused consent or provided incomplete interview were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Higher risk of poverty due to stigma among PSMI. RESULTS: 38.5% of PSMI compared with 22.2% of controls were found poor on six dimensions or more. The difference in multidimensional poverty index was 69% between groups with employment and income of the main contributors. Multidimensional poverty was strongly associated with stigma (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.27 to 5.31), scheduled castes/scheduled tribes/other backward castes (2.39, 1.39 to 4.08), mental illness (2.07, 1.25 to 3.41) and female gender (1.87, 1.36 to 2.58). A significant interaction between stigma, mental illness and gender or caste indicates female PSMI or PSMI from 'lower castes' were more likely to be poor due to stigma than male controls (p<0.001) or controls from other castes (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Public stigma and multidimensional poverty linked to SMI are pervasive and intertwined. In particular for low caste and women, it is a strong predictor of poverty. Exclusion from employment linked to negative attitudes and lack of income are the highest contributors to multidimensional poverty, increasing the burden for the family. Mental health professionals need to be aware of and address these issues.
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“Lack of employ ment and income due to stigma are important contributors to poverty among people with mental health conditions.90”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trani, J.-F., Bakhshi, P., Kuhlberg, J., Narayanan, S. S., Venkataraman, H., Mishra, N. N., Groce, N. E., Jadhav, S., & Deshpande, S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (IN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Leonard Cheshire (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Trani, Jean-Francois
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e006355
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4342591
- OpenAlex
- W2110230358
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 11.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
- Keywords
- severe mental illness, public stigma, multidimensional poverty, schizophrenia, mood disorders, caste, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, gender, labor exclusion, income, India, Delhi
- MeSH terms
- Employment, Female, Humans, Income, India, Male, Poverty, Rural Population, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Social Class, Case-Control Studies, Mood Disorders, Mentally Ill Persons, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders, Social Stigma
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