The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 51 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: The primary objective was to describe Ugandan schoolgirls’ menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices and estimate the prevalence of inadequate MHM. Second, to assess the relative contribution of aspects of MHM to health, education and psychosocial outcomes. Design: Secondary analysis of survey data collected as part of the final follow-up from a controlled trial of reusable sanitary pad and puberty education provision was used to provide a cross-sectional description of girls’ MHM practices and assess relationships with outcomes. Setting: Rural primary schools in the Kamuli district, Uganda. Participants: Participants were 205 menstruating schoolgirls (10–19 years) from the eight study sites. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The prevalence of adequate MHM, consistent with the concept definition, was estimated using dimensions of absorbent used, frequency of absorbent change, washing and drying procedures and privacy. Self-reported health, education (school attendance and engagement) and psychosocial (shame, insecurity, embarrassment) outcomes hypothesised to result from poor MHM were assessed as primary outcomes. Outcomes were measured through English surveys loaded on iPads and administered verbally in the local language. Results: 90.5% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.9%) of girls failed to meet available criteria for adequate MHM, with no significant difference between those using reusable sanitary pads (88.9%, 95% CI 79.0% to 94.4%) and those using existing methods, predominantly cloth (91.5%, 95% CI 85.1% to 95.3%; χ 2 (1)=0.12, p=0.729). Aspects of MHM predicted some consequences including shame, not standing in class to answer questions and concerns about odour. Conclusions: This study was the first to assess the prevalence of MHM consistent with the concept definition. Results suggest that when all aspects of menstrual hygiene are considered together, the prevalence is much higher than has previously been reported based on absorbents alone. The work demonstrates an urgent need for improved assessment and reporting of MHM, and for primary research testing the links between menstrual management and health, education and psychosocial consequences.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional survey of 205 menstruating schoolgirls in rural Uganda found that 90.5% had inadequate menstrual hygiene management (MHM) under minimal criteria, with no significant difference between reusable pad users and those using existing methods. Aspects of MHM predicted some psychosocial and school-engagement outcomes, but the cross-sectional design and self-report limit causal inference.
Key findings
- 90.5% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.9%) failed to meet minimal adequate MHM criteria; AFRIpad users were 88.9% inadequate vs 91.5% for existing methods (χ²(1)=0.12, p=0.729).
- Under relaxed criteria, poor MHM remained 78.1% (95% CI 71.8% to 83.3%); AFRIpad users were 80.6% inadequate vs 76.7% for existing methods (χ²(1)=0.20, p=0.655).
- Reported consequences included worrying others could smell their menstrual period (70.2%), avoiding standing in class to answer questions (64.7%), difficulty concentrating at school (51.0%), feeling ashamed (69.2%) and insecure (69.2%) during menstruation, and menstruation causing missed school (18.4%).
- In multivariable models, privacy concerns about washing absorbents were associated with shame (ORadj 3.18, 95% CI 1.54–6.57), insecurity (ORadj 2.16, 95% CI 1.09–4.28), avoiding standing in class (ORadj 2.31, 95% CI 1.18–4.53), and difficulty concentrating (ORadj 3.03, 95% CI 1.54–5.99); unclean absorbents were associated with avoiding standing in class (ORadj 1.97, 95% CI 1.05–3.71), and changing absorbents 3+ times/day was associated with higher attendance (84.89% vs 76.40%, p<0.01).
Methods
- Secondary analysis of final follow-up survey data from a controlled trial of reusable sanitary pad and puberty education provision; cross-sectional design with 205 menstruating schoolgirls aged 10–19 from eight rural primary schools in Kamuli district, Uganda.
- Surveys were administered verbally in Lusoga by local research assistants using English surveys loaded on iPads in November 2014.
- MHM prevalence was estimated by sequentially applying criteria for clean absorbent, change frequency, washing with soap, drying, and privacy, using minimal and relaxed definitions; outcomes included self-reported health, education, psychosocial measures (SDQ), and school attendance records, analyzed with descriptive statistics, χ² tests, logistic regressions, and t-tests in Stata 14.
Limitations
- Stated: self-reported MHM behaviours and health, education, and psychosocial outcomes are vulnerable to bias, particularly social desirability; the cross-sectional design limits causal inference; analyses were limited by inability to adjust for sociodemographic confounds, small sample size, and no a priori power analyses due to lack of existing literature.
- Evident: missing data occurred from iPad freezes/failed page loads in about 40 cases and item nonresponse; attendance data include both menstruating and non-menstruating days; the sample included intervention recipients, so prevalences may not reflect pre-intervention practices; MHM criteria lack validated/evidenced standards, and some concept aspects such as washing the body, changing in privacy, and disposal were not captured.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
59 Own result · 37 Not checked yet · 30 Own method · 19 Own interpretation · 16 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no significant difference between those using reusable sanitary pads (88.9%, 95% CI 79.0% to 94.4%) and those using existing methods, predominantly cloth (91.5%, 95% CI 85.1% to 95.3%; χ2 (1)=0.12, p=0.729)”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aspects of MHM predicted some consequences including shame, not standing in class to answer questions and concerns about odour.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Abstract > Results
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“90.5% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.9%) of girls failed to meet available criteria for adequate MHM”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately half of the sample reported discomfort”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Consequences of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the inclusion of available aspects, only 9.5% of the sample qualified as having adequate MHM using minimal criteria.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Prevalence estimate: MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The minimal MHM criteria used are valid indicators of adequate MHM.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This unexpected direction of effect was also found for girls’ fears that others could smell their menses.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total sample, 90.5% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.9%) had inadequate MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-nine per cent of girls reported shame and insecurity during menstruation.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drying outside had the reverse relationship to discharge than expected, with less white or green discharge reported among those drying inside or hidden.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concerns about privacy for washing absorbents were associated with many consequences including shame, insecurity and disengagement at school.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 67
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 205 menstruating girls were included in this study.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of them, 145 (70.7%) had been attending the schools in the trial at baseline.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two hundred five girls who reported in the survey that they had reached menarche were asked questions about menstrual management, and are included in this study.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls ranged from a self-reported age of 10–19 years (mean =14.20, SD=1.12).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All girls reported that this was experienced either only during their period, or during their period and at other times, so only a dichotomous experienced response was used.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-one girls in the full sample had received no intervention, this included girls in the control condition, as well as girls who failed to receive their assigned intervention.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, 435 schoolgirls across the eight study schools completed follow-up surveys.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 145 trial girls, 96 (66.2%) had received one of the tested interventions”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 60 girls who had not been in the trial schools at baseline, 20 (33.3%) had received pads alone and one had received the education intervention.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only the frequency of absorbent change was significantly associated with school attendance, although the sample size was limited.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No girls reported disposing at community rubbish heaps, burning or burying pads.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant associations with itching or burning, despite a consistently higher rate of report among those with poorer MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Latrines were gender-separated but had few adequate doors or locks, and no access to water.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average age at menarche was 12.82 years (SD=1.28).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls reported going home to change absorbents, and all stated that they washed and dried reusable absorbents at home, rather than at school.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over half of the sample reported not standing to answer questions and difficulties concentrating in school.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four did not report the type of absorbent used; therefore, were not asked follow-up questions. Thus the table reports on 201 girls, unless otherwise indicated.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data from iPad issues and non-response do not bias the results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unclean absorbents and privacy were associated with higher odds of avoiding standing in class to answer questions, as were pooled MHM estimates.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many girls reported genital irritation, discharge and concerns about odour.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one aspect of MHM was associated with school attendance, with those changing three times a day or more having a higher attendance rate.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
- Rests on an assumption: Attendance in week 4 of each term is representative of girls' overall school attendance.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of those who washed absorbents hid them to dry, most commonly under the bed.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lack of existing literature on which to base power analyses”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reported menstrual hygiene behaviours, health, education and psychosocial outcomes are vulnerable to biases, particularly social desirability.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School absenteeism and disengagement have been emphasised as important consequences of poor MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Quantitative evidence for links between MHM and attendance have been mixed, although studies have almost exclusively looked at absorbent type, rather than all MHM practices discussed below.9–12”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Tegegne, 2014, Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among female adolescent students in Northeast Ethiopia, BMC Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Grant, 2013, Menstruation and School Absenteeism: Evidence from Rural Malawi, Comp Educ Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Montgomery, 2012, Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ education in Ghana: a pilot study, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a case–control study concluded that there was evidence for an association between reusable pad use and laboratory-confirmed urogenital infection compared with disposable pads”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Qualitative research has documented challenges girls face in managing their menses and indicated health, education and psychosocial well-being consequences of poor management.1–4”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] House S , Cavill S , Mahon T , et al . Menstrual hygiene matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Water Aid, 2012.
- Not checked yetcites [2] Crichton, 2013, Emotional and psychosocial aspects of menstrual poverty in resource-poor settings: a qualitative study of the experiences of adolescent girls in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Health Care Women Int source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dolan, 2014, A blind spot in girls’ education: menarche and its webs of exclusion in Ghana, J Int Dev source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Sommer, 2014, A comparison of the menstruation and education experiences of girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia and Ethiopia, Compare source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None have included all aspects of MHM or considered a pooled, comprehensive prevalence estimate requiring all conditions to be met.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As argued below, it may be inaccurate to label all of these predictors as MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is inaccurate to conclude from this finding that MHM does not predict attendance, but only that the type of absorbent used may not.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The questionnaire has been well validated and was a secondary outcome in the Menstruation and the Cycle of Poverty trial,23 with norms for different countries available online (http://www.sdqinfo.com).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Montgomery P , Hennegan J , Dolan C , et al . Menstruation and the cycle of poverty: a cluster quasi-randomised control trial of sanitary pad and puberty education provision in Uganda. PLoS ONE. In press. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166122 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Washing with soap may be one important criterion.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As criteria for MHM could be debated given the lack of evidence, an additional measure of MHM was used for comparison.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > MHM measure
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that most studies used only absorbent type to predict consequences and, even with this simplified criterion, did not agree on the adequacy of absorbents such as cloth.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sumpter, 2013, A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management, PLOS ONE source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be that other factors such as reductions in menstrual stigma, improved pain management strategies or improved social support among classmates contribute to these improvements.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Survey items were designed following a pilot trial and qualitative research in Ghana,3 11 where a number of similar items were also used.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 3 11
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such negative psychosocial outcomes have been hypothesised to arise from poor MHM such as inadequate absorbent use.3”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dolan, 2014, A blind spot in girls’ education: menarche and its webs of exclusion in Ghana, J Int Dev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While water sources were closer to some schools than others, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for MHM was comparable across schools.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > The present study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, disposal method adequacy is likely to be contextually dependent and relies on latrine capacity, cultural appropriateness of burning absorbents and other waste disposal methods.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Schools were paired to maximise distance between the four conditions and the risk of contamination.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > The present study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these aspects must be considered in trying to estimate the prevalence of MHM, establish relationships between predictors and consequences of poor MHM and evaluate interventions aimed at improving MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pairs were allocated sequentially in alphabetical order to conditions.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > The present study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent calls for action, such as the MHM in Ten report,22 state the need for a strong quantitative evidence base.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Sommer, 2016, A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools, PLoS Med source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Drying practices are also important, with exposure to UV through sunlight known to have a microbicidal effect.21”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Bloomfield S , Exner M , Nath K , et al . The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and everyday life settings, and the role of laundry. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2011.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Leaving fabrics damp has been found to encourage microbial survival, and wearing absorbents wet has frequently been considered unhygienic, with some evidence for greater infection risk and discomfort.1 6 21”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 1 6 21
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, while the concept definition stresses the need to change absorbents in privacy, women and girls need privacy for all aspects of MHM, such as washing the body and absorbents.7”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Winkler I , Roaf V . Bringing the dirty bloody linen out of its closet–menstrual hygiene as a priority for achieving gender equality. Cardozo J Law Gender 2015. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2575250 (accessed Nov 2015).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Use of the term has proliferated; however, operationalisation has been inconsistent.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criteria for each step were derived from background literature, although existing evidence is sparse.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > MHM measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no appropriate items in the survey capturing washing the body or genitals, or items on the ability to change absorbents in privacy, which would have improved the MHM estimate.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > MHM measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study was conducted and reported according to best practice guidelines in the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology.24”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Overextension of the term has also occurred with studies reporting a lack of knowledge about menstruation or cultural taboos as aspects of MHM, rather than contributors to MHM.12”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These aspects were considered the minimal requirements for MHM, using best available evidence.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > MHM measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no a priori power analyses for this cross-sectional assessment as the study seeks to demonstrate the calculation of a prevalence estimate of MHM, and there was no past evidence from which to draw effect size estimates between aspects of MHM and health, education and psychosocial well-being outcomes assessed.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, a recent systematic review of MHM studies in India reported that in multivariable models, the use of sanitary pads did not predict school attendance.12”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They may also result from a lack of knowledge and information about menstruation,14 cultural stigma and taboos,4 and as a result of transactional or coercive sex undertaken to meet MHM needs.15”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Deo, 2005, Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls, Indian J Community Med
- Not checked yetcites [4] Sommer, 2014, A comparison of the menstruation and education experiences of girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia and Ethiopia, Compare source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Phillips-Howard, 2015, Menstrual needs and associations with sexual and reproductive risks in rural Kenyan females: a cross-sectional behavioral survey linked with HIV prevalence, J Womens Health (Larchmt) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Schools were recruited through the partner NGO and selected to be comparable on characteristics such as size, educational provision and quality.23”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > The present study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Montgomery P , Hennegan J , Dolan C , et al . Menstruation and the cycle of poverty: a cluster quasi-randomised control trial of sanitary pad and puberty education provision in Uganda. PLoS ONE. In press. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166122 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MHM literature is yet to provide evidenced guidance for washing and drying absorbents.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Psychosocial consequences including shame, insecurity, anxiety and fear of stigma are well-documented correlates of menstruation in qualitative studies.2 4”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 2 4
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Menstrual Hygiene Matters report suggested changing absorbents every 2–6 hours dependent on blood flow.1”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] House S , Cavill S , Mahon T , et al . Menstrual hygiene matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Water Aid, 2012.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While disposal methods were reported, there was no consistent guidance on what could be considered an adequate method, so this item was not included in the overall estimate.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > MHM measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Single-use absorbents such as sanitary pads are easily classified as clean; however, reusable absorbents such as cloth or reusable pads (homemade or commercially produced) could be considered hygienic if cleaned appropriately.20”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sumpter, 2013, A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management, PLOS ONE source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Studies to date have only reported a few of these aspects (J Hennegan. Menstrual hygiene management and human rights: the case for an evidence-based approach. Under review). Prevalence studies and quantitative assessments of predictors and consequences of poor MHM have focused on the type of absorbent used, the first aspect of MHM.17”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Choudhary, 2015, Status of female adolescents living at Rajshahi Slum in Bangladesh, Bangladesh J Med Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trials to date assume that improvements in school attendance or psychosocial outcomes observed are the result of improved MHM, but none have tested this.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychosocial well-being was assessed using the total score from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ26).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Additional questions were developed following feasibility and acceptability work leading to the selection of AFRIpads for the intervention study,25 and in consultation with stakeholders and partner NGO staff.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Scott L , Montgomery P , Stenfield L , et al . Sanitary pad acceptability and sustainability study. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2013. http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/So-What-Statements/Docs/Uganda_study1.pdf source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a systematic review of MHM practices and infections, Sumpter and Torondel20 found no consistent standard in the application of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ MHM.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sumpter, 2013, A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management, PLOS ONE source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have focused on attendance,5 and additional work is needed to capture the impact of menstruation on concentration and engagement, even if girls are at school.2 13”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hennegan, 2016, Do menstrual hygiene management interventions improve education and psychosocial outcomes for women and girls in low and middle income countries? A systematic review, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites 2 13
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no clear guidance on optimal washing frequency or correct use of soap and water on the body and genitals.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Background > MHM: definition, use and measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While girls report that soap and water is available to them at home, qualitative interviews, site reports and reports from the field suggest always washing absorbents with soap to be unlikely.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, findings support the value of considering all aspects of MHM together.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Consequences of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transfer girls received the interventions alongside girls in the trial from baseline to ensure there was no stigmatisation of either group.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite very large percentage differences in the reports of consequences between those categorised as having adequate and inadequate MHM, the small number of girls with adequate MHM meant there was insufficient power to demonstrate statistically significant effects.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The minimal MHM criteria used are valid indicators of adequate MHM.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted previously, there is a lack of evidence for MHM criteria.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Prevalence estimate: MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalences of MHM behaviours are heavily dependent on the reliability of girls’ reports and questions used, an issue that pervades MHM studies.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls were not asked to record menstrual cycles, so attendance includes menstruating and non-menstruating days.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > School attendance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Week 4 of the school term was selected to avoid very low attendance periods coinciding with school fee collection at the start of term or agricultural practices, based on advice from site visits and local agents.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > School attendance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Attendance in week 4 of each term is representative of girls' overall school attendance.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minimal correlations between aspects of MHM and differential associations between aspects and consequences in multivariable models demonstrate unique impact of each facet.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of an objective measure of school attendance meant this was not subject to girls’ self-reports, however, means these data reflect attendance across all days including menstruating and non-menstruating days.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The small sample size further limited these analysis.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Past studies have also failed to adequately report questions used to capture MHM practices, which limits comparison (J Hennegan. Menstrual hygiene management and human rights: the case for an evidence-based approach. Under review).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites J Hennegan. Menstrual hygiene management and human rights: the case for an evidence-based approach. Under review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Null results, particularly for psychosocial consequences, suggest more predictors may need to be considered.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No survey items asked about transporting menstrual absorbents home for cleaning”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample may be more disadvantaged, at least in terms of menstrual hygiene, than some past studies.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Prevalence of poor MHM
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Washing absorbents (with or without soap) was not used as a predictor in these comparisons as almost all girls reported doing so.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interventions were identical for all girls, including transfers.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings suggest all MHM aspects must be considered in testing links with hypothesised consequences.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“so only the location of drying was used as a predictor in the models.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In interpreting the primary trial results, which found improvements in school attendance following reusable pad provision,23 it is likely that improvements to unmeasured aspects of menstrual management such as improving teachers’ awareness of girls’ needs or improved social support by prompting girls to discuss menstruation may have contributed to these effects.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Montgomery P , Hennegan J , Dolan C , et al . Menstruation and the cycle of poverty: a cluster quasi-randomised control trial of sanitary pad and puberty education provision in Uganda. PLoS ONE. In press. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166122 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported menstrual hygiene practices accurately reflect girls' actual practices.
“Girls in this study were compared according to their self-reported menstrual hygiene practices.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attendance in week 4 of each term is representative of girls' overall school attendance.
“Week 4 of the school term was selected to avoid very low attendance periods coinciding with school fee collection at the start of term or agricultural practices, based on advice from site visits and local agents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The minimal MHM criteria used are valid indicators of adequate MHM.
“After the inclusion of available aspects, only 9.5% of the sample qualified as having adequate MHM using minimal criteria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data from iPad issues and non-response do not bias the results.
“n is lower than 201 resulted in part from iPad issues where, in about 40 cases, the appropriate page froze or failed to load, additional missing resulted from girls not providing an answer to the question.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are presently no validated questionnaires for assessing practices such as absorbent washing and drying.
“MHM literature has paid insufficient attention to measurement issues and there are presently no validated questionnaires for assessing practices such as absorbent washing and drying.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MHM literature has paid insufficient attention to measurement issues.
“MHM literature has paid insufficient attention to measurement issues and there are presently no validated questionnaires for assessing practices such as absorbent washing and drying.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These findings seem inconsistent with high reports of stress associated with menstrual management in studies amongst school girls in sub-Saharan Africa [2,5,13,34], and among adult women in India [16,18,35].”
From The relationship between household sanitation and women’s experience of menstrual hygiene: Findings from a cross-sectional survey in Kaduna State, Nigeria. (2018) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Researchers have previously engaged the JMP definition quantitatively to guide research and assessment [72]”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“To date, these have evaluated links between menstrual practices and impacts (e.g., sanitary pad use and school attendance) [18, 114].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
In the citing paper
“This may explain the unexpected quantitative findings that those drying menstrual absorbents (cloths or reusable pads) outside experienced poorer health (discharge and odour) outcomes [18].”
From A qualitative understanding of the effects of reusable sanitary pads and puberty education: Implications for future research and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“This could reflect other aspects of menstrual hygiene management such as washing and drying, which were not improved by pad provision [21].”
From Schoolgirls’ experience and appraisal of menstrual absorbents in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional evaluation of reusable sanitary pads (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“they also highlight issues with current outcome assessment in menstrual management research and discrepancies between girls’ perceptions of absorbents and their lived experience [13, 21].”
From Schoolgirls’ experience and appraisal of menstrual absorbents in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional evaluation of reusable sanitary pads (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.12reported p = .729 · recomputed p = .729
“χ2 (1)=0.12, p = .729”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.2reported p = .655 · recomputed p = .655
“χ2 (1)=0.20, p = .655”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Analyses
“All of the girls who reported never wearing their absorbent damp had also dried their absorbent outside, so only the location of drying was used as a predictor in the models.”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
“| Outside | 41.6 | 64 | | How often did you wear the absorbent damp? (n=154)† | How often did you wear the absorbent damp? (n=154)† | How often did you wear the absorbent damp? (n=154)† | | Never | 77.3 | 119 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Prevalence estimate: MHM
“The prevalence of inadequate MHM did not differ between those who used AFRIpads (88.6%) and those using existing methods (90.5%; χ2 (1)=0.12, p=0.729).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Prevalence estimate: MHM
“| Prevalence of poor MHM | 88.9 (79.0% to 94.4%) (64) | 91.5 (85.2% to 95.3%) (118)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Methods > Survey measures
“‘any white or grey discharge from their [your] vagina’”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Consequences of poor MHM
“| White or green discharge (since start of the school year) (n=199) | 47.2 | 94 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Did you wash the absorbent? (n=158)* | Did you wash the absorbent? (n=158)* | Did you wash the absorbent? (n=158)* | | Yes | 95.7 | 154 | | No | 1.9 | 3 | | No answer/don't know | 2.5 | 4 |”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
Reported 158 · recomputed 161
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“During your MP do you feel insecure? | 68.3 (82) | 60.4 (57)”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Relationships between MHM aspects and proposed consequences
Reported 60.4 · recomputed 70.37037
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Throw in latrine | 12.3 | 19 | | Take home to wash or dispose | 85.7 | 132 | | Other | 12.0 | 3 |”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > MHM practices
Reported 12 · recomputed 1.948052
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the 145 trial girls, 96 (66.2%) had received one of the tested interventions (puberty education alone: 36 (24.8%), pads alone: 40 (27.6%), and education and pads: 27 (18.6%).”
§ Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda > Results > Participant characteristics
Reported 96 · recomputed 103
Citations
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., & Bailey, V. (1998) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870050057 · Cited by 2,238
A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management
Sumpter, C., & Torondel, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062004 · Cited by 518 · cited 1×
“Single-use absorbents such as sanitary pads are easily classified as clean; however, reusable absorbents such as cloth or reusable pads (homemade or commercially produced) could be considered hygienic if cleaned appropriately.(20) MHM literature is yet to provide evidenced guidance for washing and drying absorbents.”
BackgroundMenstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van Eijk, A. M., Sivakami, M., Thakkar, M. B., Bauman, A., Laserson, K. F., Coates, S., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010290 · Cited by 471 · cited 3×
“For example, a recent systematic review of MHM studies in India reported that in multivariable models, the use of sanitary pads did not predict school attendance.(12) It is inaccurate to conclude from this finding that MHM does not predict attendance, but only that the type of absorbent used may not.”
BackgroundInfluentialDas, P., Baker, K. K., Dutta, A., Swain, T., Sahoo, S., Das, B. S., Panda, B., Nayak, A., Bara, M., Bilung, B., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 · Cited by 441 · cited 1×
“In the most comprehensive work to date, a case–control study concluded that there was evidence for an association between reusable pad use and laboratory-confirmed urogenital infection compared with disposable pads, but noted the complex range of MHM practices and the need for more research.(6) Other physical and heal…”
BackgroundA Time for Global Action: Addressing Girls’ Menstrual Hygiene Management Needs in Schools
Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Sahin, M., Calderon, T., Cavill, S., Mahon, T., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001962 · Cited by 435 · cited 1×
“Implications for research and practice Recent calls for action on MHM state the need for a strong quantitative evidence base.(22) This cannot be achieved without consistent reporting of MHM as defined.”
BackgroundVon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2008) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1157/13119325 · Cited by 417
Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls
Sommer, M., & Sahin, M. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301374 · Cited by 364 · cited 2×
“MHM: definition, use and measurement A unified, working definition of MHM was developed by the Joint Monitoring Program of the WHO and UNICEF in 2012, defining MHM as: ‘Women and adolescent girls using a clean menstrual management material to absorb or collect blood that can be changed in privacy as often as necessary…”
MethodTegegne, T. K., & Sisay, M. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1118 · Cited by 342
Hennegan, J., & Montgomery, P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146985 · Cited by 333 · cited 2×
“Similarly, trials to date have focused on education and sanitary product provision.(5) No studies have reported if addressing these contributors to MHM, that is, education informing girls how to manage menstruation hygienically, and the provision of clean absorbents as a resource to improve one aspect of MHM (clean ab…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMenstruation, Sanitary Products, and School Attendance: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation
Oster, E., & Thornton, R. (2011) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.1.91 · Cited by 231
Sanitary Pad Interventions for Girls' Education in Ghana: A Pilot Study
Montgomery, P., Ryus, C. R., Dolan, C. S., Dopson, S., & Scott, L. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048274 · Cited by 230
Self-citationMenstruation and School Absenteeism: Evidence from Rural Malawi
Grant, M., Lloyd, C., & Mensch, B. (2013) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/669121 · Cited by 201
(2012) · Cited by 189
Sommer, M., Ackatia-Armah, N., Connolly, S., & Smiles, D. (2015) · Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2013.871399 · Cited by 169
Crichton, J., Okal, J., Kabiru, C. W., & Zulu, E. M. (2013) · Health Care for Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2012.740112 · Cited by 147 · cited 2×
“13 Psychosocial consequences including shame, insecurity, anxiety and fear of stigma are well-documented correlates of menstruation in qualitative studies.(2) 4 Such negative psychosocial outcomes have been hypothesised to arise from poor MHM such as inadequate absorbent use.”
BackgroundDs, D., & Ch, G. (2005) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · Cited by 138
Montgomery, P., Hennegan, J., Dolan, C., Wu, M., Steinfield, L., & Scott, L. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166122 · Cited by 132
Self-citationBoosey, R., Prestwich, G., & Deave, T. (2014) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2014.19.253.5313 · Cited by 122 · cited 4×
“%) was recently reported in the Rukungiri district of Uganda.27 There are far fewer studies with which to compare reports of washing or drying practices.”
BackgroundInfluentialBeksinska, M. E., Smit, J., Greener, R., Todd, C. S., Lee, M.-L. T., Maphumulo, V., & Hoffmann, V. (2015) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5021 · Cited by 121
Phillips-Howard, P. A., Otieno, G., Burmen, B., Otieno, F., Odongo, F., Odour, C., Nyothach, E., Amek, N., Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., Odhiambo, F., et al. (2015) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5031 · Cited by 119 · cited 1×
“They may also result from a lack of knowledge and information about menstruation,(14) cultural stigma and taboos,(4) and as a result of transactional or coercive sex undertaken to meet MHM needs.(15) More quantitative evidence is needed to unpack the roles of these different contributors to wellbeing, and associations…”
BackgroundA blind spot in girls education: menarche and its webs of exclusion in Ghana
Dolan, C. S., Ryus, C. R., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., & Scott, L. (2014) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.2917 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“4 Such negative psychosocial outcomes have been hypothesised to arise from poor MHM such as inadequate absorbent use.(3) They may also result from a lack of knowledge and information about menstruation,(14) cultural stigma and taboos,(4) and as a result of transactional or coercive sex undertaken to meet MHM needs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMurat Sahin, M. S., Linda Mason, L. M., Kayla Laserson, K. L., Kelvin Oruko, K. O., Elizabeth Nyothach, E. N., Kelly Alexander, K. A., Frank Odhiambo, F. O., Alie Eleveld, A. E., Emily Isiye, E. I., Isaac Ngere, I. N., et al. (2015) · Waterlines · doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.003 · Cited by 108
Duet for menstrual protection: a feasibility study in Zimbabwe
Averbach, S., Sahin-Hodoglugil, N., Musara, P., Chipato, T., & van der Straten, A. (2009) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.002 · Cited by 47
Education. Period. Developing an acceptable and replicable menstrual hygiene intervention
Wilson, E., Reeve, J., & Pitt, A. (2014) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2014.867305 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“Some include one or two additional components, such as washing the body or disposal of absorbents.(18) 19 None have included all aspects of MHM or considered a pooled, comprehensive prevalence estimate requiring all conditions to be met.”
BackgroundKerubo, E., Laserson, K. F., Otecko, N., Odhiambo, C., Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Oruko, K. O., Bauman, A., Vulule, J., Zeh, C., et al. (2016) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052371 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“As noted above this may reflect the poor validity of girls’ self-reports.(8) Concerns about odour were associated with absorbent type, drying practices and privacy.”
ResultMenstrual Hygiene Management in Secondary schools in Tanzania
Kimwaga, R. J., Mayo, A. W., & Guya, E. (2014) · Cited by 25
School menstrual hygiene management in Malawi: More than toilets
Pillitteri, S. P. (2012) · Cited by 23
Sanitary Pad Acceptability and Sustainability Study - Long Report
Scott, L., Montgomery, P., Steinfeld, L., Dolan, C., & Dopson, S. (2013) · doi:10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii161 · Cited by 13
Self-citationSanitary Pad: Acceptability and Sustainability Study
Scott, L. M., Montgomery, P., Steinfield, L. A., Dolan, C. S., Dopson, S., & Hecimovich, J. (2013) · SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) · Cited by 12
Self-citationStatus of female adolescents living at Rajshahi Slum in Bangladesh
Choudhary, M. S. R., & Rahman, M. M. (2015) · Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.3329/bjms.v14i1.21221 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“Prevalence studies and quantitative assessments of predictors and consequences of poor MHM have focused on the type of absorbent used, the first aspect of MHM.(17) Some include one or two additional components, such as washing the body or disposal of absorbents.”
Method
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Winkler I , Roaf V . Bringing the dirty bloody linen out of its closet–menstrual hygiene as a priority for achieving gender equality. Cardozo J Law Gender 2015. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2575250 (accessed Nov 2015).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002803 · Cited by 577
Self-citationvan Eijk, A. M., Zulaika, G., Lenchner, M., Mason, L., Sivakami, M., Nyothach, E., Unger, H. W., Laserson, K., & Phillips‐Howard, P. A. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30111-2 · Cited by 327
Adolescent Menstrual Health Literacy in Low, Middle and High-Income Countries: A Narrative Review
Holmes, K., Curry, C., Sherry, M., Ferfolja, T., Parry, K., Smith, C. A., Hyman, M. S., & Armour, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052260 · Cited by 159
“A similar observation was made in Uganda with more than half of the 205 participants of the study avoiding standing up to answer questions in class and having difficulty concentrating due to discomfort, distress and concerns about odour [48].”
ResultHennegan, J. M., Nansubuga, A., Smith, C., Redshaw, M., Akullo, A., & Schwab, K. J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034461 · Cited by 117
Self-citationMacRae, E. R., Clasen, T., Dasmohapatra, M., & Caruso, B. A. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220114 · Cited by 111
Metadata
- Authors
- Hennegan, J., Dolan, C., Wu, M., Scott, L., & Montgomery, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- SOAS University of London (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hennegan, Julie
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e012596
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5223625
- OpenAlex
- W2565221974
- Semantic Scholar
- 04008157ef89361fbe43f04388ba50f5cc7b02aa
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 7.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I034145/2, ES/I034145/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- menstrual hygiene management, female students, adolescent girls, menstrual health, sanitary pads, privacy, psychosocial consequences, shame and embarrassment, school attendance, puberty education, rural Uganda, Kamuli District
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Education, Humans, Hygiene, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Menstruation, Rural Population, School Health Services, Social Desirability, Uganda, Prevalence, Privacy, Feminine Hygiene Products, Hygiene Products
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