Health professional’s implicit bias of adult patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) and its effects on clinical decision-making: a Scoping review protocol
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Despite efforts to improve population health and reduce health inequalities, higher morbidity and mortality rates for people with lower socioeconomic status (SES) persist. People with lower SES are said to receive worse care and have worse outcomes compared with those with higher SES, in part due to bias and prejudice. Implicit biases adversely affect professional patient relationships and influence healthcare-related decision-making. A better understanding of the relationship between SES and healthcare-related decision-making is therefore essential to address socioeconomic inequalities in health. Aim: To scope the reported impact of health professionals bias about SES on clinical decision-making and its effect on the care of adults with lower SES in wider literature. Methods: This scoping review will use Joanna Briggs Institute methods and will report its findings in line with Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols and Scoping Reviews guidelines. Data analysis, interpretation and reporting will be underpinned by the PAGER ( P atterns, A dvances, G aps, E vidence for Practice and R esearch recommendations) framework and input from a patient and public interest representative. A systematic search for literature will be conducted on various, pertinent databases to identify relevant literature such as peer-reviewed articles, editorials, discussion papers and empirical research papers. Additionally, other sources of relevant literature such as policies, guidelines, reports and conference abstracts, identified through key website searches will be considered for inclusion. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required for this scoping review. The results will be disseminated through an open access peer-reviewed international journal, conference presentations and a plain language summary that will be shared with the public and other relevant stakeholders.
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The scoping review was conducted using JBI methodology and reported in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
“We conducted a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology39 40 as set out in our a priori published protocol13 and reported our results in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols and Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.41 42”
From Health professionals implicit bias of patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) and its effects on clinical decision-making: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Only publications in English were included because the study was unfunded with no facility for translation.
“We only included publications in English as this was an unfunded study with no facility for translation.13”
From Health professionals implicit bias of patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) and its effects on clinical decision-making: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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“13 21 Explicit bias relates to 'ways of thinking' that people are aware of and so can be measured through self-report, but there is the risk of people providing socially desirable responses.”
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- Authors
- Job, C., Adenipekun, B., Cleves, A., & Samuriwo, R.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Velindre NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Bradford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Job, Claire
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e059837
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9748961
- OpenAlex
- W4311410373
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Research Capacity Building Collaboration Wales
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Keywords
- implicit bias, healthcare workers, socioeconomic status, low socioeconomic status, clinical decision-making, health disparities, socioeconomic inequalities in health, patient care
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Decision-Making, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Bias, Implicit, Low Socioeconomic Status, Scoping Reviews as Topic, Scoping Reviews As Topic, Adult, Health Personnel, Humans, Research Design, Review Literature as Topic
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