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Cited by 219Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchFamily and Disability Support ResearchDisability Rights and Representation

Deprivation, ethnicity and the prevalence of intellectual and developmental disabilities

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Emerson, Eric·2012·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
DOI 10.1136/jech.2010.111773
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Abstract

Background: Social gradients and ethnic disparities have been reported in some forms of intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, information on the association between area deprivation, ethnicity and other forms of intellectual and developmental disabilities are inconclusive. Aim: To estimate the independent association between household disadvantage, local area deprivation, ethnicity and the identification of intellectual and developmental disability. Methods: Cross-sectional survey involving multilevel multivariate analyses of data extracted from educational records on household disadvantage, local area deprivation, ethnicity and identified intellectual and developmental disability in a sample of English children aged 7–15 years (n=5.18 million). Results: Lower household socio-economic position was associated with increased rates of identification of intellectual and developmental disabilities especially less severe forms of intellectual disability. Higher area deprivation was independently associated with increased rates of identification of less severe forms of intellectual disability but decreased rates of identification of profound multiple intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Minority ethnic status was, in general, associated with lower rates of identification of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Exceptions to this general pattern included higher rates of identification of less severe forms of intellectual disability among Gypsy/Romany and Traveller children of Irish heritage, and higher rates of identification of more severe forms of intellectual disability among children of Pakistani and Bangladeshi heritage. Conclusions: Children whose development is already compromised (and especially children with less severe intellectual disabilities) are at increased risk of exposure to social conditions that are themselves inimical to healthy development.

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  • European countries report increased ASD prevalence among lower socioeconomic status families.

    “The U.S. reports a consistent pattern of increased ASD prevalence among higher socioeconomic status (SES) families (Baio et al. 2018; Durkin et al. 2010, 2017; Maenner et al. 2020; Pedersen et al. 2012), while European countries report increased prevalence among lower SES families (Delobel-Ayoub et al. 2015; Emerson 2012; Rai et al. 2012).”

    From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Emerson 2012

    The Results (page not provided) report higher odds of ASD identification among children eligible for free school meals, a measure of lower household socioeconomic position. The Meaning of the Study cautions that this may reflect how children were identified rather than a difference in underlying prevalence, and the study does not establish a pattern across European countries. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [24]24. Emerson E, Hatton C. Response to McGrother et al. (J Intellect Disabil Res, 46, 299- 309) 'The prevalence of intellectual disability among South Asian communities in the UK'. J Intellect Disabil Res 2004;48:201e2.
  2. [34]34. Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A. Multilevel and longitudinal modelling using stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press, 2008.

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Authors
Emerson, E.
Affiliations
Lancaster University (GB)
Corresponding author
Emerson, Eric
ORCID
Emerson, Eric
Venue
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2010-10-01
Volume
66
Issue
3
Pages
218-224
ISSN
  • 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
  • 0143-005X
  • 1470-2738
DOI
10.1136/jech.2010.111773
OpenAlex
W2139625398
Semantic Scholar
0b93b4d7dbf6e11f520dd6e3a1f6d41e2119a96c
Cited by
219
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI
7.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Rights and Representation
Keywords
intellectual disability, developmental disabilities, area deprivation, ethnicity, ethnic disparities, autism spectrum disorder, children, social gradient
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Poverty, Psychosocial Deprivation, Residence Characteristics, Schools, Social Conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Censuses

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