Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States
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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Determinants of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in rural middle aged and older women of diverse racial and ethnic groups are not well understood. This study examined: (1) urban-rural differences in LTPA by sociodemographic factors, (2) urban-rural differences in LTPA determinants, and (3) the pattern of relations between LTPA determinants and LTPA. DESIGN: A modified version of the sampling plan of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) was used. Zip codes were selected with 20% or more of each of the following race/ethnic groups: African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), and Hispanic. A comparison group of white women were also surveyed using standard BRFSS techniques. PARTICIPANTS: Rural (n=1242) and urban (n=1096) women aged 40 years and older from the US Women's Determinants Study. MAIN RESULTS: Rural women, especially Southern and less educated women, were more sedentary than urban women. Rural women reported more personal barriers to LTPA, cited caregiving duties as their top barrier (compared with lack of time for urban women), and had greater body mass indices. Rural women were less likely to report sidewalks, streetlights, high crime, access to facilities, and frequently seeing others exercise in their neighbourhood. Multivariate correlates of sedentary behaviour in rural women were AI/AN and African American race, older age, less education, lack of enjoyable scenery, not frequently seeing others exercise, greater barriers, and less social support (p<0.05); and in urban women, older age, greater barriers, less social support (p<0.05), and less education (p<0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Rural and urban women seem to face different barriers and enablers to LTPA, and have a different pattern of determinants, thus providing useful information for designing more targeted interventions.
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In prior studies, rural adults were less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than urban adults.
“In contrast, the 1998 NHIS6 and 2 national physical activity surveys conducted in the late 1990s based on modified BRFSS physical activity items21,22 showed rural adults were less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than urban adults.”
From Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults From Rural and Urban Areas of the United States: Findings From NHANES (2005‐2008) (2012) · cites this paper as [21]
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Understanding barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and active living in rural communities
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Leisure and Active Lifestyles: Research Reflections
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Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.003 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Built Environments and Active Living in Rural and Remote Areas: a Review of the Literature
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Culture Change and Ethnic-Minority Health Behavior: An Operant Theory of Acculturation
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Gender differences in perceived environmental correlates of physical activity
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What Constitutes an Obesogenic Environment in Rural Communities?
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Self-citationPhysical fitness in rural children compared with urban children in Turkey
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Li, F., Fisher, K. J., Bauman, A. E., Ory, M. G., Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Harmer, P., Bosworth, M., & Cleveland, M. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.13.1.87 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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Determinants of adolescent bicycle use for transportation and snacking behavior
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The relationship between leisure, walking, and transportation activity with the natural environment
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O’Driscoll, T., Banting, L., Borkoles, E., Eime, R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2013) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9857-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
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Integrating Physical Activity in Primary Care Practice
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Age, gender, and urban–rural differences in the correlates of physical activity
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Obesity in Low-Income Rural Women: Qualitative Insights About Physical Activity and Eating Patterns
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Women and physical activity in an urban park: Enrichment and support through an ethic of care
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Transport And Health: A Marriage Of Convenience Or An Absolute Necessity
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Perceptions of Neighborhood Park Quality: Associations with Physical Activity and Body Mass Index
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Nonoccupational Physical Activity by Degree of Urbanization and U.S. Geographic Region
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Comparison of Two Methods of Measuring Physical Activity in South African Older Adults
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How Design of Places Promotes or Inhibits Mobility of Older Adults
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Association of Perceived Neighborhood Safety on Body Mass Index
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Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in rural Midwestern white women
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- Authors
- Wilcox, S., Castro, C., King, A. C., Housemann, R., & Brownson, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilcox, Sara
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 667-672
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1731735
- OpenAlex
- W2080824123
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 8.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Women's Health Initiative
- Saint Louis University
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (U48CCU710806)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Sports and Physical Education Studies
- Keywords
- leisure-time physical activity, urban-rural differences, older women, sedentary behavior, barriers to physical activity, social support, racial and ethnic disparities, African American women, Hispanic women, neighbourhood built environment, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Demography, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Leisure Activities, Middle Aged, Rural Health, United States, Urban Health, Exercise, Logistic Models
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