Environmental determinants of active travel in youth: A review and framework for future research
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many youth fail to meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. Walking and cycling, forms of active travel, have the potential to contribute significantly towards overall physical activity levels. Recent research examining the associations between physical activity and the environment has shown that environmental factors play a role in determining behaviour in children and adolescents. However, links between the environment and active travel have received less attention. METHODS: Twenty four studies were identified which examined the associations between the environment (perceived or objectively measured) and active travel among youth aged 5-18 years. Findings were categorised according to the location of the environmental measure examined; attributes of the neighbourhood, destination and the route between home and destination. RESULTS: Results from the reviewed studies indicated that youth active travel is positively associated with social interactions, facilities to assist active travel and urban form in the neighbourhood as well as shorter route length and road safety en-route. A conceptual framework is presented which highlights the associations between active travel behaviours and environmental factors, drawing upon both existing and hypothesised relationships. CONCLUSION: We provide a review of the available literature and present a novel theoretical framework that integrates the environment into the wider decision making process around travel choices for children and adolescents. Further work should explore associations where gaps in understanding have been identified, and account for the main moderators of behaviour so hypothesised associations can be confirmed.
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Across systematic reviews, 3 of 3 studies found a positive relation between distance from home to school and children's active commuting.
“Across all these systematic reviews, 5 of 6 studies found a positive relation between overall land-use mix and children’s physical activity; in 5 of 8 studies, between overall land-use mix and children’s active commuting; and in 3 of 3 studies, between distance from home to school and children’s active commuting.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [354]
Across systematic reviews, 5 of 8 studies found a positive relation between overall land-use mix and children's active commuting.
“Across all these systematic reviews, 5 of 6 studies found a positive relation between overall land-use mix and children’s physical activity; in 5 of 8 studies, between overall land-use mix and children’s active commuting; and in 3 of 3 studies, between distance from home to school and children’s active commuting.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [354]
Across systematic reviews, 5 of 6 studies found a positive relation between overall land-use mix and children's physical activity.
“Across all these systematic reviews, 5 of 6 studies found a positive relation between overall land-use mix and children’s physical activity; in 5 of 8 studies, between overall land-use mix and children’s active commuting; and in 3 of 3 studies, between distance from home to school and children’s active commuting.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [354]
After adjustment for confounders, magnitudes of relationships between land-use mix and children's physical activity or active commuting often remained quite large, especially for active commuting.
“After adjustment for confounders, magnitudes of these relationships often remained quite large (eg, OR 2- to 3-fold or higher associations), especially for active commuting.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [354]
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- Authors
- Panter, J. R., Jones, A. P., & van Sluijs, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Panter, Jenna R
- ORCID
- Panter, Jenna R
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34
- ISSN
- 1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2483993
- OpenAlex
- W2115869163
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 55.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- British Heart Foundation
- Diabetes UK
- Medical Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- World Cancer Research Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- active travel, children's physical activity, walking, cycling, built environment, neighborhood characteristics, urban form, road safety, social interaction, travel choice, children and adolescents, conceptual framework
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