’Anxiety and depression symptoms after COVID-19 infection: results from the COVID Symptom Study app ’
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mental health issues have been reported after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, comparison to prevalence in uninfected individuals and contribution from common risk factors (eg, obesity and comorbidities) have not been examined. We identified how COVID-19 relates to mental health in the large community-based COVID Symptom Study. METHODS: We assessed anxiety and depression symptoms using two validated questionnaires in 413148 individuals between February and April 2021; 26998 had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We adjusted for physical and mental prepandemic comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), age and sex. FINDINGS: Overall, 26.4% of participants met screening criteria for general anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were slightly more prevalent in previously SARS-CoV-2-positive (30.4%) vs SARS-CoV-2-negative (26.1%) individuals. This association was small compared with the effect of an unhealthy BMI and the presence of other comorbidities, and not evident in younger participants (≤40 years). Findings were robust to multiple sensitivity analyses. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anxiety and depression was stronger in individuals with recent (<30 days) versus more distant (>120 days) infection, suggesting a short-term effect. INTERPRETATION: A small association was identified between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anxiety and depression symptoms. The proportion meeting criteria for self-reported anxiety and depression disorders is only slightly higher than prepandemic.
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In a large SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort, Klaser et al. observed somewhat more anxiety and depression at three months than before the pandemic.
“This was also found within Klaser et al. (2021) who recruited a large cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals and found a slightly higher prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders at three months compared to pre-pandemic levels.”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Klaser et al. (2021)
In COVID-19 patients, long-term anxiety and depression resemble pre-pandemic levels.
“Taquet et al. (2021) reported a low prevalence of mood disorders, with other studies stating that long-term anxiety and depression in COVID-19 patients are similar to pre-pandemic levels (Klaser et al., 2021).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Klaser et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Klaser, K., Thompson, E. J., Nguyen, L. H., Sudre, C. H., Antonelli, M., Murray, B., Canas, L. S., Molteni, E., Graham, M. S., Kerfoot, E., Chen, L., Deng, J., May, A., Hu, C., Guest, A., Selvachandran, S., Drew, D. A., Modat, M., Chan, A. T., Wolf, J., Spector, T. D., Hammers, A., Duncan, E. L., Ourselin, S., & Steves, C. J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- ZOE (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Steves, Claire J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-09-28
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1254-1258
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-330X
- PMC
- PMC8599635
- OpenAlex
- W3204576485
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 13.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Università degli Studi eCampus) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- NIH (K23DK125838)
- AGA-Takeda COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Award (AGA2021-5102)
- NIDDK (K01DK120742)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (WT 203148/Z/16/Z)
- Research and Innovation London Medical Imaging & Artificial Intelligence Centre for Value Based Healthcare (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
- Wellcome (WT203148/Z/16/Z, WT213038/Z/18/Z)
- Health and Safety Executive (MC_PC_20030)
- Alzheimer's Society (AS-JF-17-011)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, post-COVID-19 mental health, body mass index, obesity, comorbidities, prevalence, age differences
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