An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra.
Open accessAbstract
Background This paper aims at assessing the effectiveness of the package of road safety measures implemented after road safety was included in the political agenda in the year 2004 on the number of road traffic-injured people in Spain. Methods An evaluation study was performed using an interrupted time-series design. The study population was people injured in road traffic crashes in Spain between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2006. The road traffic crashes database of the General Directorate for Traffic was used. The dependent variable was the monthly number of people injured, stratified by sex, age, severity and type of road user. The explanatory variable (intervention) compared the post-intervention period (2004–6) with the pre-intervention period (2000–3). Quasi-Poisson regression models were adjusted, controlling for time trend and for seasonality. Results Results show a reduction in the risk of being injured for both men (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.95) and women (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.94). Risk reductions were observed across all age groups and all road users, except for pedestrians. Conclusions The present study suggests that prioritising road safety reduces the number of people injured in road traffic collisions.
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Book electrodes are well-known for extensive use in sacral anterior root stimulation for bladder control.
“Book electrodes (Fig. 3b) are well-known for their extensive use in sacral anterior root stimulation for bladder control.”
From Interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of a neuroprosthetic limb: a review (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
The Methods section (p. 359) describes electrode implants called “books” and says one or two suffice for controlling the bladder and sphincters. The paper reports their use in baboons, but does not establish that book electrodes were well-known or extensively used for sacral anterior root stimulation more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Brindley, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Brindley, G S
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1977-04-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 358-369
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC492703
- OpenAlex
- W2168696000
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- road safety policy, road traffic injuries, road traffic crashes, injury prevention, road user safety, sex differences in injury risk, age differences in injury risk, pedestrian injuries, Spain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Urinary Bladder, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Male, Muscle, Smooth, Papio, Postoperative Complications, Spinal Nerve Roots, Urethra, Urinary Incontinence, Urination
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