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Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: We examined the association of night shift work history and age when night shift work was performed with cancer and cardiovascular disease risk factors among 54 724 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) II. METHODS: We calculated age-adjusted and socioeconomic status-adjusted means and percentages for cancer and cardiovascular risk factors in 2009 across categories of night shift work history. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for key risk factors among 54 724 participants (72% ever shift workers). We further examined these associations by age (20-25, 26-35, 36-45 and 46+ years) at which shift work was performed. RESULTS: Ever night shift workers had increased odds of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2); OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.43); higher caffeine intake (≥131 mg/day; OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.22) and total calorie intake (≥1715 kcal/day; OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13); current smoking (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.42); and shorter sleep durations (≤7 h of sleep/day; OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.24) compared to never night shift workers. These estimates varied depending on age at which night work was performed, with a suggestion that night shift work before age 25 was associated with fewer risk factors compared to night shift work at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that night shift work may contribute to an adverse chronic disease risk profile, and that risk factors may vary depending on the age at which night shift work was performed.
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“For example, chronic shift-workers (workers with rotating schedules or consistent night shifts) are vulnerable to various diseases13,14, including psychiatric disorders such as depression15–19.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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ResultImpact of night-shift work on the prevalence of erosive esophagitis in shipyard male workers
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ResultPhysical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Body Composition of Canadian Shift Workers
Neil‐Sztramko, S., Gotay, C. C., Demers, P. A., & Campbell, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000574 · Cited by 26
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“To date, epidemiological evidence shows a strong association between night-shift work and chronic diseases (Nicholson 2011; Pietroiusti et al. 2010; Ramin et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2011) but there is conflicting evidence about the effects of shift work on 24-hour energy intake and macronutrient consumption.”
BackgroundShift Work and Lifestyle Factors: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study Among Nurses
Buchvold, H. V., Pallesen, S., Waage, S., Moen, B. E., & Bjorvatn, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00281 · Cited by 25
“found a significantly higher caffeine intake when comparing those who had always worked nights with those who had never worked night shifts (38).”
BackgroundSugiura, T., Dohi, Y., Takagi, Y., Yoshikane, N., Ito, M., Suzuki, K. S., Nagami, T., Iwase, M., Seo, Y., & Ohte, N. (2019) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-019-0362-z · Cited by 26
The Negative Impact of Night Shifts on Diet in Emergency Healthcare Workers
Bouillon‐Minois, J., Thivel, D., Croizier, C., Ajebo, É., Cambier, S., Boudet, G., Adeyemi, O. J., Ugbolue, U. C., Bagheri, R., Vallet, G. T., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040829 · Cited by 29
“It seems that coffee/tea and sugary drinks are the preferred drinks mostly consumed during night work [28,33,49].”
BackgroundResultNighttime kidney transplantation is associated with less pure technical graft failure
Brunschot, D. M. D. Ö., Hoitsma, A. J., van der Jagt, M. F. P., d’Ancona, F. C. H., Donders, R. A. R. T., van Laarhoven, C. J. H. M., Hilbrands, L. B., & Warlé, M. C. (2015) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-015-1679-0 · Cited by 24
“, colorectal and breast cancer [28–30].”
Reduced Tolerance to Night Shift in Chronic Shift Workers: Insight From Fractal Regulation
Li, P., Morris, C. J., Patxot, M., Yugay, T., Mistretta, J., Purvis, T. E., Scheer, F. A. J. L., & Hu, K. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx092 · Cited by 25
Shift work, job strain and changes in the body mass index among women: a prospective study
Fujishiro, K., Hibert, E. N. L., Schernhammer, E. S., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2016) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-103747 · Cited by 24
Self-citationPizinger, T., Kovtun, K., Roychoudhury, A., Laferrère, B., Shechter, A., & St-Onge, M. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.10.005 · Cited by 17
“All rights reserved epidemiological studies suggest that individuals who work night shift, and thus sleep during the daytime, have an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.(4,5) Less drastic differences in sleep timing are also associated with increased risk of chronic disorders.”
BackgroundDaghlas, I., Richmond, R. C., Lane, J. M., Dashti, H. S., Ollila, H. M., Schernhammer, E. S., Smith, G. D., Rutter, M. K., Saxena, R., & Vetter, C. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab031 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPoljšak, B. (2017) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2017.1975 · Cited by 24
The Influence of Shift Work on the Quality of Sleep and Executive Functions
Athar, M. E., Vahid, M. K. A., & Ashouri, A. (2020) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.5334/jcr.194 · Cited by 23
Association between Precarious Employment and BMI in the United States
Oddo, V., Zhuang, C., Dugan, J. A., Andrea, S. B., Hajat, A., Peckham, T., & Jones-Smith, J. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23591 · Cited by 17
“aspects of employment, including lower wages [14], nonstandard work schedules [10, 15, 16], longer work hours [17–20], and job insecurity [18], are associated with higher BMI.”
BackgroundShift work and sickness absence at a Norwegian hospital: a longitudinal multilevel study
Bernstrøm, V. H., & Houkes, I. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2019-106240 · Cited by 21
Alhajaji, R., Alfahmi, M. Z., Alshaikhi, S. A., Fairaq, A. M., Jan, S. F., Aljuaid, S., AlFaifi, M., Alaboud, M. S., Khojah, I. M., Alkofide, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1461698 · Cited by 20
Association Between Work-Related Factors and Diet: A Review of the Literature
Tanaka, R., Tsuji, M., Tsuchiya, T., & Kawamoto, T. (2019) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079918812481 · Cited by 21
“, 2008) (Ramin et al., 2015), probably suggesting an unhealthy diet related to weight gain, while two studies showed no significant association between energy intake and shift work (Bonnell et al.”
BackgroundIncorporating a Microlearning Wellness Intervention Into Nursing Student Curricula
Gawlik, K. S., Guo, J., Tan, A., & Overcash, J. A. (2020) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0000000000000842 · Cited by 20
Shift work parameters and disruption of diurnal cortisol production in female hospital employees
Hung, E., Aronson, K. J., Leung, M., Day, A. G., & Tranmer, J. E. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1196695 · Cited by 20
“…of CVD development, the reported association between more consecutive night shifts and increased risk of obesity is discordant with the suggestion that changes in cortisol associated with increased shift work intensity are adaptive (Griefahn & Robens, 2010; Hennig et al., 1998; Ramin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultGombert, M., Martín-Carbonell, V., Arboledas, G. P., Carrasco‐Luna, J., Carrasco‐García, Á., & Codoñer‐Franch, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103629 · Cited by 20
Mortaş, H., Bilici, S., Öztürk, H., & Karakan, T. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2044349 · Cited by 21
“Night shift workers have shown changes not only in their feeding timing but also in their nutritional composition, such as high fat, sugar, and total energy content (Ramin et al. 2015; Shaw et al. 2019), and that the change in the nutritional composition is also effective on circadian rhythm regulation (Ribas-Latre an…”
BackgroundAlmeida, R., Barbosa, C., Pereira, B., Diniz, M., Baena, A., & Conde, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116595 · Cited by 19
Jepsen, J. R., Zhao, Z., Pekcan, C., Barnett, M., & van Leeuwen, W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45430-6_6 · Cited by 21
Gowda, R., Sukumar, G. M., & Gowda, S. H. (2019) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2019.01.002 · Cited by 19
Binks, H., Vincent, G. E., Irwin, C. G., Heidke, P., Vandelanotte, C., Williams, S. L., & Khalesi, S. (2020) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2020.02.013 · Cited by 22
Work Characteristics, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Obesity: The National Quality of Work Life Survey
Myers, S., Govindarajulu, U. S., Joseph, M., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa098 · Cited by 24
“Our finding for night shift work, although among a more representative sample of the labor force, is consistent with some of those studies (Buchvold et al., 2015; Ramin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultOccupational stress as a result shift system of work as a risk factor for health problems of workers
Bukhtiyarov, I. V., Rubtsov, M. Y., & Yushkova, O. I. (2016) · Health Risk Analysis · doi:10.21668/health.risk/2016.3.12 · Cited by 19
Regente, J., de Zeeuw, J., Bes, F., Nowozin, C., Appelhoff, S., Wahnschaffe, A., Münch, M. Y., & Kunz, D. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.12.014 · Cited by 19
Ríos, E. M. A., Sánchez, A. S., Lasheras, F. S., & Seguí‐Crespo, M. (2018) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-018-3581-3 · Cited by 19
Rotating Night Shift Work, Sleep, and Thyroid Cancer Risk in the Nurses’ Health Study 2
Papantoniou, K., Konrad, P., Haghayegh, S., Strohmaier, S., Eliassen, A. H., & Schernhammer, E. S. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15235673 · Cited by 21
Self-citationBirdsey, J., & Sussell, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001165 · Cited by 17
Carvalho, A. C., Mota, M. C., Marot, L. P., Mattar, L. A., de Sousa, J. A. G., Araújo, A. C. T., Assis, C. T. D. C., & Crispim, C. A. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04873-x · Cited by 16
Stress mindset and nurses’ sleep quality: mediating effects of stress overload and anxiety
Wu, Y., Guo, J., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Yu, T., Shen, Z., & Pan, X. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02474-y · Cited by 23
“Additionally, the high demands of responsibility and emotional engagement in nursing further exacerbate the negative effects of stress and anxiety on sleep quality [28, 29].”
BackgroundRelationship between shift-work and life-style behaviors among emergency department nurses in Jordan
Salah, R. A., Malak, M. Z., & Salameh, A. B. (2020) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2020.1841721 · Cited by 15
Compliance with Recommendations on Work Schedule for Shift Nurses in South Korea
Lee, J., & Jeong, I. S. (2021) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.006 · Cited by 15
“Shift work can disrupt individual circadian rhythms, causing increase in poor sleep quality and fatigue [3,4], risk of gastrointestinal disorders [5], and neurocognitive decline [3] in the short term, and increase in likelihood of obesity due to increased caffeine consumption and total caloric intake [6] and risk of d…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramin, C., Devore, E. E., Wang, W., Pierre-Paul, J., Wegrzyn, L. R., & Schernhammer, E. S.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schernhammer, Eva S
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2014-09-26
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-107
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC4289641
- OpenAlex
- W2140732231
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 26.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (UM1CA176726, R25CA098566)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (5R01OH009803, R01OH009803)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- night shift work, shift work, cancer risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, caffeine consumption, smoking, sleep duration, dietary intake, women, Nurses' Health Study II
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Caffeine, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Nurses, Obesity, Occupational Diseases, Risk Factors, Sleep, Smoking, Work Schedule Tolerance, Body Mass Index, Odds Ratio, Occupational Exposure, Young Adult
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