Functional cognitive disorder: what is it and what to do about it?
Abstract
To err is human, and it is normal to make minor cognitive errors from time to time. Some people experience persistent subjective cognitive difficulties that cause distress and functional impairment, with no underlying structural, neurodegenerative, toxic or metabolic cause. This is considered a form of functional disorder. In this article, we review functional cognitive disorder and outline its core clinical features. Patients with this are typically of working age and have a source of psychological distress, such as chronic pain, work stress or family difficulties. Its distinction from incipient dementia is difficult and usually requires interval follow-up. Pointers towards possible dementia include abnormal neuroimaging or loss of insight. Many patients accept a functional cognitive disorder diagnosis and willingly engage with psychological therapies but there is no defined optimal treatment. Functional cognitive disorder is common but under-studied; future research priorities include the development of clear diagnostic criteria and robust trials of therapeutic strategies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In clinical literature individuals with FCD are described as tending to rate their own cognitive abilities as being much worse than that found on objective testing and compared to their previous level of functioning.
“In clinical literature individuals with FCD are described as tending to rate their own cognitive abilities as being much worse than that found on objective testing and compared to their previous level of functioning (5).”
From A qualitative analysis of patients' day-to-day living with functional cognitive disorder (FCD). (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553 · see citing works
The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review
Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x · Cited by 5,152 · see citing works
Fleming, S. M., & Lau, H. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Cognitive deficits in depression: Possible implications for functional neuropathology
Austin, M.-P., Mitchell, P., & Goodwin, G. M. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.3.200 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Hsieh, S., Schubert, S., Hoon, C., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000351671 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity.
Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J., & Niederehe, G. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.285 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Participants1, C. (2009) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903155063 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?
Smith, D. H., Johnson, V. E., & Stewart, W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.29 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Medically unexplained symptoms
Nimnuan, C., Hotopf, M., & Wessely, S. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00223-9 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
A review of post-concussion syndrome and psychological factors associated with concussion
Broshek, D. K., De Marco, A. P., & Freeman, J. R. (2015) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.974674 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Dementia Resulting From Traumatic Brain Injury: What Is the Pathology?
Shively, S., Scher, A. I., Perl, D. P., & Diaz-Arrastia, R. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.3747 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Bora, E., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055731 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and risk of dementia in older veterans
Barnes, D. E., Kaup, A. R., Kirby, K. A., Byers, A. L., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., & Yaffe, K. S. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000616 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Gualtieri, C. T., & Morgan, D. W. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0712 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“Good Old Days” Bias Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Iverson, G. L., Lange, R. T., Brooks, B. L., & Rennison, V. L. A. (2009) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903190797 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory revised
Wear, H. J., Wedderburn, C. J., Mioshi, E., Williams-Gray, C. H., Mason, S. L., Barker, R. A., & Hodges, J. R. (2008) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20200005 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Teichner, G. A. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(03)00078-7 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Conversion Disorder: Current problems and potential solutions for DSM-5
Stone, J., LaFrance, W. C., Jr., Brown, R. J., Spiegel, D., Levenson, J. L., & Sharpe, M. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.07.005 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hartog, H. M. D., Derix, M. M. A., van Bemmel, A. L., Kremer, B., & Jolles, J. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170300833x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Depression and the Test of Memory Malingering
Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., & Boulay, L. J. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.5.501 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Jones, D., Drew, P., Elsey, C., Blackburn, D. J., Wakefield, S., Harkness, K., & Reuber, M. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1021753 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cogniform Disorder and Cogniform Condition: proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms.
Delis, D., & Wetter, S. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.04.001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Health anxiety and hypochondriasis in the light of DSM-5
Bailer, J., Kerstner, T., Witthöft, M., Diener, C., Mier, D. U., & Rist, F. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1036243 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Conversion disorder: a problematic diagnosis
Nicholson, T. R., Stone, J., & Kanaan, R. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.171306 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Memory complaints in healthy young and elderly adults: Reliability of memory reporting
Mendes, T., Ginó, S., Ribeiro, F., Guerreiro, M., de Sousa, G., Ritchie, K. A., & de Mendonça, A. (2008) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860701797281 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Relationship Between Level of Insight and Severity of Dementia in Alzheimer Disease
McDaniel, K. D., Edland, S. D., & Heyman, A. (1995) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-199509020-00007 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Shany-Ur, T., Lin, N., Rosen, H., Sollberger, M., Miller, B., & Rankin, K. (2014) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awu161 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The outcome of neurology outpatients with medically unexplained symptoms: a prospective cohort study
Carson, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.897 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Functional symptoms in neurology: questions and answers
Reuber, M. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.048280 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Fillenbaum, G. G., Beekly, D. L., Edland, S. D., Hughes, J. P., Heyman, A., & van Belle, G. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Syndrome of Functional Memory Disorder: Definition, Etiology, and Natural Course
Schmidtke, K., Pohlmann, S., & Metternich, B. (2008) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318187ddf9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Metternich, B., Schmidtke, K., & Hüll, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.07.005 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cognitive decline in high-functioning older adults: Reserve or ascertainment bias?
Tuokko, H. A., Garrett, D. D., McDowell, I., Silverberg, N. D., & Kristjansson, B. (2003) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/1360786031000120750 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Blackburn, D. J., Wakefield, S., Shanks, M. F., Harkness, K. A., Reuber, M., & Venneri, A. (2014) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldu029 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cooper, C., Bebbington, P., Lindesay, J. E. B., Meltzer, H., McManus, S., Jenkins, R., & Livingston, G. (2011) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afr121 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions
Staniloiu, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00403 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Functional Neurologic Symptoms: Assessment and Management
Stone, J., & Carson, A. J. (2010) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the Differential Diagnosis of the Dementias With Histopathologic Confirmation
Bonte, F. J., Harris, T. S., Hynan, L. S., Bigio, E. H., & White, C. L. (2006) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.rlu.0000222736.81365.63 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Functional Cognitive Disorder: A Common Cause of Subjective Cognitive Symptoms
Pennington, C. M., Hayre, A., Newson, M., & Coulthard, E. J. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150182 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of effort in clinical testing of cognitive functioning for adults
McMillan, T. M., Anderson, S., Baker, G. A., Berger, M., Powell, G. E., & Knight, R. (2009) · ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overcoming Functional Neurological Symptoms: A Five Areas Approach
Williams, C., Carson, A. J., Smith, S., Sharpe, M., Cavanagh, J., & Kent, C. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13567 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Archer, H. A., Smailagic, N., John, C., Holmes, R. B., Takwoingi, Y., Coulthard, E. J., & Cullum, S. J. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010896.pub2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of two inventories for the diagnosis and monitoring of functional memory disorder
Schmidtke, K., & Metternich, B. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Experiences with depression in a dementia clinic.
Weiner, M., Bruhn, M., Svetlik, D. A., Tintner, R., & Hom, J. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Pilot Group Therapy for Functional Memory Disorder
Metternich, B., Schmidtke, K., Dykierek, P., & ll, M. H. U. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000128166 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Binder, L. M. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.07.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review
McWhirter, L., Ritchie, C., Stone, J., & Carson, A. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30405-5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Teodoro, T., Edwards, M. J., & Isaacs, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317823 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“9 Typical symptoms of FCD include forgetting tasks while preparing to execute them, inability to retrieve overlearnt memories, disrupted flow of thoughts and conversations, prospective memory failures and absent-mindedness.”
BackgroundFunctional cognitive disorder: dementia’s blind spot
Ball, H. A., McWhirter, L., Ballard, C., Bhome, R., Blackburn, D. J., Edwards, M. J., Fleming, S. M., Fox, N. C., Howard, R., Huntley, J., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa224 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of functional neurological disorder
Gilmour, G. S., Nielsen, G., Teodoro, T., Yogarajah, M., Coebergh, J. A., Dilley, M. D., Martino, D., & Edwards, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09772-w · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Metacognition in functional cognitive disorder
Bhome, R., McWilliams, A., Price, G., Poole, N., Howard, R., Fleming, S., & Huntley, J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac041 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“8 The exact role of metacognitive processing in FCD remains poorly understood.”
Overall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review
Carle, G., Goutte, J., Do-Quang-Cantagrel, N., Mouchabac, S., Joly, C., & Garcin, B. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Metacognition in functional cognitive disorder- a potential mechanism and treatment target
Bhome, R., McWilliams, A., Huntley, J. D., Fleming, S. M., & Howard, R. J. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2019.1651708 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bhome, R., Huntley, J. D., Price, G., & Howard, R. J. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2019.1590190 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This occurred more frequently than has been reported previously (Bharambe and Larner, 2018) and would support previous work (Stone et al., 2015; Pennington et al., 2015a) which has suggested that FCD is best considered within the umbrella of functional neurological symptom (FNS) disorder or…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClinical signs in functional cognitive disorders: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis
Cabreira, V., Frostholm, L., McWhirter, L., Stone, J., & Carson, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111447 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rasouli, O., Gotaas, M. E., Stensdotter, A., Skovlund, E., Landrø, N. I., Dåstøl, P., & Fors, E. A. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000550 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Alluri, P. R., Solit, J., Leveroni, C. L., Goldberg, K., Vehar, J. V., Pollak, L. E., Colvin, M. K., & Perez, D. L. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000218 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neuropsychological evaluation of functional cognitive disorder: A narrative review
Silverberg, N., & Rush, B. (2023) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2023.2228527 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…definitions of FCD include people with and without abnormal scores on objective cognitive testing (Ball et al., 2020; McWhirter et al., 2020a), provided that low neuropsychological test scores do not conform to pattern that is typical for a neurological disease (Pennington et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialTeodoro, T., Koreki, A., Chen, J., Coebergh, J. A., Poole, N. A., Ferreira, J. J., Edwards, M. J., & Isaacs, J. D. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac363 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Functional Cognitive Disorders (FCD): How Is Metacognition Involved?
Larner, A. J. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11081082 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The development of a consensus definition of FCD [27], superseding listings of core clinical features used to guide diagnosis hitherto [18], may facilitate further understanding of FCD if widely accepted and adopted (Box 1).”
Cabreira, V., Alty, J., Antic, S., Araújo, R., Aybek, S., Ball, H. A., Baslet, G., Bhome, R., Coebergh, J., Dubois, B., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16318 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…that mood and behavioural changes can potentially represent a prodrome to neurodegeneration, and the same might apply to a subset of individuals with FCD [13, 28, 29, 32], as observed for Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis [33, 34] with FND overlap, often preceding these conditions.”
Self-citationIs personality relevant in the choice of bleaching?
Ronda, A. H., Martín‐Gil, J., Pérez, F., Bonafé, E., Reis, A., Loguércio, A. D., & Fernández, E. (2016) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-015-1701-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The specific reason to avoid greater sensitivity was to eliminate it as possible confounding factor in the results of the psychological post-whitening questionnaire [45].”
BackgroundWade, D. T. (2019) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215519853013 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cabreira, V., McWhirter, L., & Carson, A. J. (2023) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bailey, C., Poole, N. A., & Blackburn, D. J. (2018) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp18x694601 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Although a recent review on “Functional Cognitive Disorder” (16) advised neuroimaging to exclude neurodegenerative causes, such investigations can intensify anxiety and cause iatrogenic harm (17, 18).”
BackgroundPick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Sun, Y., Short, E., Stanton, B. R., Winston, J. S., Mehta, M. A., Nicholson, T. R., Reinders, A. A. T. S., David, A. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2245110 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Factors perpetuating functional cognitive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury
Picon, E. L., Wardell, V., Palombo, D., Todd, R., Aziz, B., Bedi, S., & Silverberg, N. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2247601 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mavroudis, I. A., Petridis, F. E., Franekova, K., Visternicu, M., Rarinca, V., Burlui, V., Ciobîcă, A., Novac, B., Dobrin, I., Hogas, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1665510 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, R., Lin, Z.-X., Lu, X., Xia, X., Jiang, R., & Chen, Q.-B. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Treatment for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Nonpharmacological Approaches
Mollica, A., Dey, A., Cairncross, M., Silverberg, N. D., & Burke, M. J. (2022) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1742143 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Functional cognitive disorders: update on diagnostic status.
Larner, A. (2020) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2019-0038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Schott, J. M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0574 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Functional cognitive disorder: Beyond pseudodementia
Marín‐Medina, D. S., Arenas-Vargas, P. A., Velásquez-Duque, M. D. P., & Bagnati, P. (2024) · Neurology Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.neurop.2024.100179 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bogolepova, A. N., Zakharov, V. V., Illarioshkin, S. N., Litvinenko, I., Mkhitaryan, E. A., Пизова, Н. В., & Yakupov, E. Z. (2023) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2023123091131 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
For how long should patients with FCD be followed up?
Hamid, S. H. M., & Larner, A. J. (2019) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.525 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abdullah, S., Critchfield, M., Maltby, J., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215552 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In terms of cognitive disorder in depression, evidence suggests significant correlations between depression severity and cognitive performance [11], specifically a decline in episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed [12].”
Larner, A. (2022) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Much has been learned from empirical studies of FCD in recent years (Larner, 2020; McWhirter et al., 2020; Pennington et al., 2015; Poole et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDoes dietary intake of caffeine have an effect on transient global amnesia?
Zeinalabedini, M., Mousavi, Z. S., Amjadi, A., Shapouri, M., Kavkani, B. A., Masoumvand, M., Mobarakeh, K. A., Gholamalizadeh, M., Valisoltani, N., Mohammadi, S., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12408 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A qualitative analysis of patients' day-to-day living with functional cognitive disorder (FCD).
Mantovani, N., Poole, N., Cope, S., Vanzan, S., Duffus, A., Williams, T., Smith, J. G., Barrett, B., Scicluna, M., Beardmore, S., et al. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2460725 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recently, a consensus definition of FCD has been proposed [4] to replace listings of core clinical features [5].”
InfluentialConversion Disorders Across Psychiatry and Neurology
Carandini, T., Arighi, A., & Scarpini, E. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91557-9_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
[Functional cognitive disorders].
Chutko, L., & Surushkina, S. (2022) · Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212202143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Funktionelle kognitive und amnestische Störungen
Popkirov, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61272-9_12
Rehabilitation Therapy of Neurological Training of Cognitive Disorder
Zhao, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0812-3_15
Beyond Functional Movements: The Spectrum of Functional Neurological and Somatic Symptoms
Adams, C. N., & Perez, D. L. (2022) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86495-8_14
Larner, A. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17562-7_6
Pennington, C., & Coulthard, E. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23551-7
Self-citationFunctional Neurological Symptoms: A Potential Sentinel of Neurological and Mental Health Disorders
Sajin, V., & Macerollo, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97906-5_15
Functional Cognitive Disorders in the Emergency Department
Larner, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.jmcm0601001
“This approach permitted an initial formulation of the “core clinical features” of FCD (Table 1) [8].”
BackgroundMethodMuntigl, P., Plejert, C., & Jones, D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108339377.004
Good Reasons for Non-standardization in the Administration of Cognitive Assessments
Jones, D., Jackson, C., & Wilkinson, R. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108339377.005
Funktionelle kognitive und amnestische Störungen
Popkirov, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69215-8_12
Functional Neurological Disorder
Keatley, E. S., & Molton, I. R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197525456.013.0040
Funktionelle kognitive Störungen erkennen und verstehen
Beckers, J., Popkirov, S., Michaelis, R., Seliger, C., & Jungilligens, J. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000443
Novotný, J., Klil‐Drori, S., Geda, Y. E., Nasreddine, Z. S., & Stokin, G. B. (2026) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2026.100649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…later in life and may include conditions such as anxiety [51], depression [52 – 54], psychiatric illnesses [55,56], functional cognitive disorders [57,58], cerebral vascular diseases [18,59 – 61], traumatic brain injury [62,63], as well as systemic causes such as obesity [64] and diabetes…”
Mavroudis, I. A., Das, O., Petridis, F. E., & Kazis, D. (2026) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci16101026
- Authors
- Pennington, C., Newson, M., Hayre, A., & Coulthard, E.
- Affiliations
- North Bristol NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pennington, Catherine
- Venue
- Practical Neurology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-08-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 436-444
- ISSN
- 1474-7758 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-7766
- OpenAlex
- W1780948983
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Practical Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2013-25-501)
- North Bristol NHS Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- functional cognitive disorder, subjective cognitive impairment, functional disability, psychological distress, chronic pain, occupational stress, family problems, differential diagnosis of dementia, neuroimaging, loss of insight, psychotherapy, diagnostic criteria, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Electroencephalography, Female, Hematologic Tests, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
