Delayed compensatory cigarette consumption after a workplace smoking ban
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption among continuing smokers over a two-year period. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys and a longitudinal sample of smokers questioned about their smoking behaviour six months and two years after implementation of a workplace smoking ban. SUBJECTS: Workers in 46 government offices in Australia. The cross-sectional survey six months after the ban included 3388 workers, whereas the survey two years after the ban included 3982 workers. The longitudinal cohort study included 107 workers who were identified as current smokers in both surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smokers were asked to report usual daily cigarette consumption on both workdays and leisure days one month before implementation of the ban, and six months, and two years afterwards. RESULTS: From six months to two years after the ban, the cross-sectional data showed an increase in cigarette consumption of 1.3 cigarettes per day. The longitudinal sample of smokers reported an increase in workday cigarette consumption of 1.7 cigarettes per day. A previous study of workers in the same worksites found a reduction in consumption of 5.2 cigarettes per day from before the ban to six months after. Over a two-year period we estimate that the net effect of the workplace smoking ban was to reduce cigarette consumption by about 3.5 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in cigarette consumption among smokers frequently seen after implementation of a worksite smoking ban may diminish over time. This effect is more likely to occur when the initial response to a smoking ban is a large reduction in cigarette consumption.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.
“Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [428]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 1 Borland R, Mullins R. The increasing prevalence of workplace smoking bans in Victoria. f Occup Health Safety Aust NZ 1994;10:35–40.
- 2 Rigotti NA, Pasos CL. No-smoking laws in the United States: an analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces. AMA 1994;266:3162–7.
- 4 Borland R, Chapman S, Owen N, Hill DJ. Effects of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption. Am F Public Health 1990;80:178-80.
- 6 Petersen LR, Helgerson SD, Gibbons CM, Calhoun CR, Ciacco KH, Pitchford KC. Employee smoking behaviour changes and attitudes following a restrictive policy on 1988;103:115-20. pital. Am F Public Health 1989;79:192–5. smoke. Am F Public Health 1994;84:773–8.
- Prev Med 1992;21:670–6. organization. Am F Public Health 1986;76:1014–15. f Public Health 1993;84:254–8.
- Prev Med 1994;23:78-82. smoking. Public Health Rep 1990;105:623–9.
- Germany. Prev Med 1994;23:230–4. in California. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1485–93. place smoking bans. Prev Med 1995;24:56-60.
- 22 Borland R, Owen N, Hill D, Chapman S. Acceptance workplace bans on smoking in Commonwealth Govern ment Offices. Med F Aust 1989;151:525–8. ing smoking status. F Pers Soc Psychol 1985;48:1279–89.
- A prospective study. Prev Med 1990;19:314-22.
- 5 Borland R, Owen N, Hocking B. Changes in smoking behaviour following the implementation of a total workplace smoking ban. Aust F Public Health 1991;15:130-4.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review
Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7357.188 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Frazer, K., Callinan, J., McHugh, J., Baarsel, S. V., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., & Kelleher, C. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005992.pub3 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Hopkins, D. P., Briss, P. A., Ricard, C. J., Husten, C. G., Carande-Kulis, V. G., Fielding, J. E., Alao, M. O., McKenna, J. W., Sharp, D. J., Harris, J. R., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00297-x · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Callinan, J., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., & Kelleher, C. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005992.pub2 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Smokefree Policies to Reduce Tobacco Use
Hopkins, D. P., Razi, S., Leeks, K. D., Priya Kalra, G., Chattopadhyay, S. K., & Soler, R. E. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.029 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Chapman, S. F., Borland, R., Scollo, M., Brownson, R. C., Dominello, A., & Woodward, S. D. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.7.1018 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE:Health Effects and Policies to Reduce Exposure
Brownson, R. C., Eriksen, M. P., Davis, R. M., & Warner, K. E. (1997) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.163 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Smoking Patterns and Stimulus Control in Intermittent and Daily Smokers
Shiffman, S., Dunbar, M. S., Li, X., Scholl, S. M., Tindle, H. A., Anderson, S. J., & Ferguson, S. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089911 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“However, it is not clear how much they suppressed cigarette consumption overall: the cigarettes foregone in restricted settings might have been made up when smoking was allowed, as suggested by some [72,73,74].”
BackgroundCigarette Taxes and Smoking During Pregnancy
Ringel, J. S., & Evans, W. N. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1851 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Trotter, L., Wakefield, M. A., & Borland, R. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.300 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Smoking restrictions in the workplace and at home have been found to contribute to reduced consumption (Chapman et al. 1999; Owen & Borland 1997 ), increased intentions to quit, relapse prevention (Gilpin et al. 1999), and possibly increased cessation (Farkas et al. 1999; Biener & Nyman 1999), as well as to send a mes…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTobacco use as drug addiction: The scientific foundation
Henningfield, J. E., & Fant, R. V. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011781 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Creating Smoke-Free Environments in Recreational Settings
Giles‐Corti, B., Clarkson, J. P., Donovan, R. J., Frizzell, S. K., Carroll, A. M., Pikora, T., & Jalleh, G. (2001) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019810102800308 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effect of smoke-free policies on the behaviour of social smokers
Philpot, S. J., Ryan, S. A., Torre, L. E., et al. (1999) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.8.3.278 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“has shown that proprietors could expect little change in attendance if their establishments were made smoke free. Other studies have shown that there would be benefits to health from such policies, as smoke-free entertainment venues would see total cigarette consumption fall.”
BackgroundMotivational factors related to quitting smoking among prisoners during a smoking ban
Cropsey, K. L., & Kristeller, J. L. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00230-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Akter, S., Rahman, M. M., Rouyard, T., Aktar, S., Nsashiyi, R. S., & Nakamura, R. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02002-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Time since smoke-free law and smoking cessation behaviors
Hahn, E. J., Rayens, M. K., Langley, R. E., Darville, A. K., & Dignan, M. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp086 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bell, K., McCullough, L., Devries, K., Jategaonkar, N., Greaves, L., & Richardson, L. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03405492 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Promoting Reduced Smoking Rates in the Context of Workplace Smoking Bans
Borland, R., Owen, N. G., Tooley, G. A., Treijs, I., Roberts, L., & Hill, D. (1999) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.1.1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationChan, S. H. J., Pilkington, P., & Wan, Y. K. P. (2011) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…prevalence of smoking among workers, fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker, and increased intention to quit smoking (Brownson et al., 2002; Chapman et al., 1999; Fichtenberg and Glantz, 2002; Gilpin et al., 1999; Gottlieb et al., 1990; Jeffery et al., 1994; Owen and Borland, 1997).”
BackgroundAzagba, S., & Sharaf, M. F. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-123 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is evidence that public smoking bans including WSB’s may lead to compensating smoking behavior, such as increased smoking during work breaks [8] and displaced smoking [9,10].”
BackgroundRats choose high doses of nicotine in order to compensate for changes in its price and availability
Holmes, N. M., Pan, J., Davis, A., Panayi, M. C., & Clemens, K. J. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12637 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, a meta-analysis of workplace smoking behavior revealed that following a ban on smoking, cigarette consumption increased immediately before the start of a workday and across smoke breaks (Borland et al. 1997; Owen & Borland 1997).”
BackgroundWalsh, R. A., Paul, C. L., Paras, L., Stacey, F. G., & Tzelepis, F. (2011) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1071/he11085 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tobacco Policy Regression in Arizona Worksites
Eisenberg, M., Lopez, D., & Lee, H. (2007) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adicción al tabaco, percepción de riesgos y Ley antitabáquica. Diferencias regionales
Lara, M. I., & Serio, M. (2014) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Barnett, R., Moon, G., Pearce, J. R., Thompson, L., & Twigg, L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118349144.refs
Male rats choose higher doses of nicotine in anticipation of a future non-drug period
Hill, T. J., Holmes, N. M., & Clemens, K. J. (2025) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108020
- Authors
- Owen, N., & Borland, R.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- ORCID
- Owen, N.
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1997-06-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-135
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1759549
- OpenAlex
- W2010567177
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- workplace smoking bans, cigarette consumption, compensatory smoking, tobacco control
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Leisure Activities, Longitudinal Studies, Smoking, Time Factors, Workplace
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
