Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review
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Objective: To quantify the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking in employees and compare these effects to those achieved through tax increases. Design: Systematic review with a random effects meta-analysis. Study selection: 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces Setting: Workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany Participants: Employees in unrestricted and totally smoke-free workplaces Main outcome measures: Daily cigarette consumption (per smoker and per employee) and smoking prevalence Results: Totally smoke-free workplaces are associated with reductions in prevalence of smoking of 3.8% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 4.7%) and 3.1 (2.4 to 3.8) fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker. Combination of the effects of reduced prevalence and lower consumption per continuing smoker yields a mean reduction of 1.3 cigarettes per day per employee, which corresponds to a relative reduction of 29%. To achieve similar reductions the tax on a pack of cigarettes would have to increase from $0.76 to $3.05 (€0.78 to €3.14) in the United States and from £3.44 to £6.59 (€5.32 to €10.20) in the United Kingdom. If all workplacesbecame smoke-free, consumption per capita in the entire population would drop by 4.5% in the United States and 7.6% in the United Kingdom, costing the tobacco industry $1.7 billion and £310 million annually in lost sales. To achieve similar reductions tax per pack would have to increase to $1.11 and £4.26 Conclusions: Smoke-free workplaces not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage smokers to quit or to reduce consumption
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In a systematic review and meta-analysis including 26 quasi-experimental studies, implementation of a smoke-free workplace policy was associated with pooled reductions in absolute smoking prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%, 4.7%) and in cigarette consumption among smokers of 3.1 cigarettes per day (2.4, 3.8).
“In a systematic review and meta-analysis including 26 quasi-experimental studies, the implementation of a smoke-free workplace policy was associated with pooled reductions in absolute smoking prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%, 4.7%) and in cigarette consumption among smokers of 3.1 cigarettes per day (2.4, 3.8).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
Smoke-free workplace policies were associated with a 29% reduction (11%, 53%) in total cigarettes smoked.
“Overall, smoke-free workplace policies were associated with a 29% reduction (11%, 53%) in total cigarettes smoked.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
Studies with self-reported or biochemical measures of exposure to secondhand smoke all found significant reductions in environmental tobacco smoke after implementation of a smoke-free policy.
“Studies with either self-reported (N=3) or biochemical (N=3) measures of exposure to secondhand smoke all found significant reductions in environmental tobacco smoke after implementation of a smoke-free policy.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
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- Yurekli AA, Zhang P. The impact of clean indoor air laws and cigarette smuggling on demand for cigarettes: an empirical model. Health Econ 2000;9:159-70.
- Gruber J. Youth smoking in the US: prices and policies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2009)
E-Cigarettes: A Scientific Review
Grana, R., Benowitz, N., & Glantz, S. A. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667 · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke: Nearly as Large as Smoking
Barnoya, J., & Glantz, S. A. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.492215 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco
Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1308383 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior
Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701492437 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Securing Good Health for the Whole Population
Wanless, D. (2004) · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Frazer, K., Callinan, J., McHugh, J., Baarsel, S. V., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., & Kelleher, C. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005992.pub3 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Asaria, P., Chisholm, D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., & Beaglehole, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61698-5 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking
Jha, P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2703 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Sargent, R. P., Shepard, R. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38055.715683.55 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationE-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications
Glantz, S. A., & Bareham, D. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status
Stuber, J., Galea, S., & Link, B. G. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.010 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Smoke-free Legislation and Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Pell, J. P., Haw, S., Cobbe, S., Newby, D. E., Pell, A. C. H., Fischbacher, C., McConnachie, A., Pringle, S., Murdoch, D., Dunn, F., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0706740 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
The Effects of Tobacco Control Policies on Smoking Rates
Levy, D. T., Chaloupka, F. J., & Gitchell, J. G. (2004) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/00124784-200407000-00011 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Fong, G. T., Hyland, A. J., Borland, R., Hammond, D. G., Hastings, G., McNeill, A. D., Anderson, S., Cummings, K. M., Allwright, S., Mulcahy, M., et al. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.013649 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Workplace interventions for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003440.pub4 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
The effectiveness of interventions to change six health behaviours: a review of reviews
Jepson, R., Harris, F., Platt, S., & Tannahill, C. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-538 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Predictors of cessation in a cohort of current and former smokers followed over 13 years
Hyland, A. J., Li, Q., Bauer, J. E., Giovino, G. A., Steger, C., & Cummings, K. M. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320761 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Scollo, M., Lal, A., Hyland, A. J., & Glantz, S. A. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.1.13 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Tobacco Control Scale: a new scale to measure country activity
Joossens, L., & Raw, M. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.015347 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Effect of Bans on Smoking in Public Places
Meyers, D. G., Neuberger, J. S., & He, J. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.022 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Pain, nicotine, and smoking: Research findings and mechanistic considerations.
Ditre, J. W., Brandon, T. H., Zale, E. L., & Meagher, M. M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025544 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Callinan, J., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., & Kelleher, C. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005992.pub2 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Work stress, smoking status, and smoking intensity: an observational study of 46 190 employees
Kouvonen, A. M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Virtanen, M., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.019752 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Trends in the Exposure of Nonsmokers in the U.S. Population to Secondhand Smoke: 1988–2002
Pirkle, J. L., Bernert, J. T., Caudill, S. P., Sosnoff, C. S., & Pechacek, T. F. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8850 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Television Advertisements Among Youth and Young Adults
Duke, J. C., Lee, Y. O., Kim, A. E., Watson, K. A., Arnold, K. Y., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Porter, L. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0269 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The impact of social determinants on cardiovascular disease
Kreatsoulas, C., & Anand, S. S. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)71075-8 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk
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Lightwood, J. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.870691 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
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Smokefree Policies to Reduce Tobacco Use
Hopkins, D. P., Razi, S., Leeks, K. D., Priya Kalra, G., Chattopadhyay, S. K., & Soler, R. E. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.029 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Cessation: A National Study
Popova, L., & Ling, P. M. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301070 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences
Chapman, S. F., & MacKenzie, R. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
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Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Laux, F., Zanna, M. P., Cummings, K. M., Borland, R., & Ross, H. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320743 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Smoke-Free Worksite Policies on Tobacco Use
Bauer, J. E., Hyland, A., Li, Q., Steger, C., & Cummings, K. M. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.048678 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places
Dearlove, J. V., Bialous, S. A., & Glantz, S. A. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.2.94 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationBehaviour Centred Design: towards an applied science of behaviour change
Aunger, R. V., & Curtis, V. A. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1219673 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Abdullah, A. S. M. (2004) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2003.018820 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects
Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
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TIDieR-PHP: a reporting guideline for population health and policy interventions
Campbell, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Hoffmann, T., Armstrong, R., Waters, E. B., & Craig, P. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1079 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Patterns of Birth Cohort–Specific Smoking Histories, 1965–2009
Holford, T. R., Levy, D. T., McKay, L. A., Clarke, L. D., Racine, B., Meza, R., Land, S. R., Jeon, J., & Feuer, E. J. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.022 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
The effect of smoke-free homes on adult smoking behavior: A review
Mills, A. L., Messer, K., Gilpin, E. A., & Pierce, J. P. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp122 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Zhu, S., Lee, M., Zhuang, Y.-L., Gamst, A. C., & Wolfson, T. J. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050371 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Alamar, B. C., & Glantz, S. A. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.069617 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationSchaap, M. M., Kunst, A. E., Leinsalu, M., Regidor, E., Ekholm, O., Dzúrová, D., Helmert, U., Klumbienė, J., Santana, P., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2008) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2007.024265 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Adult tobacco use levels after intensive tobacco control measures: New York City, 2002-2003.
Frieden, T., Mostashari, F., Kerker, B., Miller, N., Hajat, A., & Frankel, M. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.058164 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Miller, N., Frieden, T. R., Liu, S. Y., Matte, T., Mostashari, F., Deitcher, D. R., Cummings, K. M., Chang, C. C., Bauer, U. E., & Bassett, M. T. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66615-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Youth Access Interventions Do Not Affect Youth Smoking
Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2002) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.109.6.1088 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationOverview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies
Hoffman, S. J., & Tan, C. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2041-6 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Agurs‐Collins, T., Persky, S., Paskett, E. D., Barkin, S. L., Meissner, H. I., Nansel, T. R., Arteaga, S. S., Zhang, X., Das, R., & Farhat, T. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304730 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
How Can We Use Our Knowledge of Alcohol-Tobacco Interactions to Reduce Alcohol Use?
McKee, S. A., & Weinberger, A. H. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185549 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease
Law, M. R., & Wald, N. (2003) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00078-1 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Public Policy and the Challenge of Chronic Noncommunicable DiseasesPreprint
Adeyi, O., Smith, O., & Robles, S. C. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 161 · see citing works
PromisingInterventions, O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T. F., & Warner, K. E. (2009) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe
Knapp, M. R. J., McDaid, D., Mossialos, E. A., & Thornicroft, G. (2006) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The effect of a smoke-free campus policy on college students' smoking behaviors and attitudes
Seo, D., Macy, J. T., Torabi, M., & Middlestadt, S. E. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.07.015 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The impact of a smoking ban on hospital admissions for coronary heart disease
Khuder, S. A., Milz, S., Jordan, T., Price, J., Silvestri, K., & Butler, P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.03.011 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Tobacco Epidemic in the United States
Giovino, G. A. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.008 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The Social Determinants of Cancer
Hiatt, R. A., & Breen, N. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003: National Health Service Survey data
Juncheng, Q., Cai, M., Gao, J., Tang, S., Xu, L., & Critchley, J. (2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.064709 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Population-level changes to promote cardiovascular health
Jørgensen, T., Capewell, S., Prescott, E., Allender, S. E., Sans, S., Zdrojewski, T. R., Bacquer, D. D., SUTTER, J. D., Franco, O. H., Løgstrup, S., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312441726 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Nanny or steward? The role of government in public health
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Smoking Patterns and Stimulus Control in Intermittent and Daily Smokers
Shiffman, S., Dunbar, M. S., Li, X., Scholl, S. M., Tindle, H. A., Anderson, S. J., & Ferguson, S. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089911 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Nicotine Therapy Sampling to Induce Quit Attempts Among Smokers Unmotivated to Quit
Carpenter, M. J. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.492 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Honjo, K., Tsutsumi, A., Kawachi, I. I., & Kawakami, N. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.011 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
One last puff? Public smoking bans and smoking behavior
Silke Anger, B., Kvasnicka, M., & Siedler, T. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.03.003 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wolfenden, L., Goldman, S., Stacey, F. G., Grady, A., Kingsland, M., Williams, C. M., Wiggers, J. H., Milat, A., Rissel, C. E., Bauman, A. E., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012439.pub2 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke?
Pechacek, T. F., & Babb, S. D. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7446.980 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Chinese Physicians and Their Smoking Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Jiang, Y., Ong, M. K., Tong, E. K., Yang, Y., Nan, Y., Gan, Q., & Hu, T.-W. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.037 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Amos, A. (2005) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyh054 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Ciao, A. C., Loth, K. A., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0453-0 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Prevalence of tobacco use in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nilan, K., McKeever, T. M., McNeill, A. D., Raw, M., & Murray, R. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220168 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Stigma and Smoking: The Consequences of Our Good Intentions
Stuber, J., Galea, S., & Link, B. G. (2009) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/650349 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Cox, B., Martens, E., Nemery, B., Vangronsveld, J., & Nawrot, T. S. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f441 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Fernández, E., Fu, M., Pascual, J. A., López, M. J., Pérez‐Ríos, M., Schiaffino, A., Martínez-Sánchez, J. M., Ariza, C., Saltó, E., Manel Nebot, Y., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004244 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Smoking bans, maternal smoking and birth outcomes
Bharadwaj, P., Johnsen, J. V., & Løken, K. V. (2014) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.008 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Datta, G. D., Subramanian, S. V., Colditz, G. A., Kawachi, I. I., Palmer, J. R., & Rosenberg, L. A. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Barnoya, J., & Glantz, S. A. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.305 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, A., Moodie, C. S., & Hastings, G. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp087 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Smoking habits among medical students in Central Saudi Arabia
Turki, Y. A. A. (2006) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.3431 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The California Tobacco Control Program’s effect on adult smokers: (1) Smoking cessation
Messer, K. S., Pierce, J. P., Zhu, S., Hartman, A. M., Al‐Delaimy, W. K., Trinidad, D. R., & Gilpin, E. A. (2007) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016873 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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Radi, S., Ostry, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2007) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20492 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Should the Health Community Promote Smokeless Tobacco (Snus) as a Harm Reduction Measure?
GARTNER, C. E., Hall, W., Chapman, S. F., & Freeman, B. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040185 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Nondaily Smokers Should Be Asked and Advised to Quit
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Drope, J. M., Bialous, S. A., & Glantz, S. A. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2003.004101 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationMaking Smoking History Worldwide
Koh, H. K., Joossens, L., & Connolly, G. N. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp068279 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Diffusion and Impact of Clean Indoor Air Laws
Eriksen, M. P., & Cerak, R. L. (2008) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090920 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Smoking in Italy 2005–2006: Effects of a comprehensive National Tobacco Regulation
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The effects of clean indoor air laws: what do we know and what do we need to know?
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Levy, D. T., Hyland, A. J., Higbee, C., Remer, L. G., & Compton, C. (2006) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.09.008 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Secondhand and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cardiovascular Disease
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Maziak, W., Rastam, S., Eissenberg, T., Asfar, T., Hammal, F., Bachir, M. E., Fouad, F. M., & Ward, K. D. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.11.021 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Implications of a Public Smoking Ban
Lemstra, M., Neudorf, C., & Opondo, J. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03403743 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Quantifying the effects of promoting smokeless tobacco as a harm reduction strategy in the USA
Mejia, A. B., Ling, P. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031427 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glantz, Stanton A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-07-27
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7357
- Pages
- 188
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC117445
- OpenAlex
- W2118699725
- Cited by
- 1,072
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA061021, CA-61021)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- smoke-free workplaces, smoking behavior, tobacco taxation, cigarette consumption, smoking prevalence, workplace smoking policy, passive smoking, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Humans, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Occupational Health, Smoking Cessation, Workplace
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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