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‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Large numbers of people are being discharged from hospital following COVID-19 without assessment of recovery. In 384 patients (mean age 59.9 years; 62% male) followed a median 54 days post discharge, 53% reported persistent breathlessness, 34% cough and 69% fatigue. 14.6% had depression. In those discharged with elevated biomarkers, 30.1% and 9.5% had persistently elevated d-dimer and C reactive protein, respectively. 38% of chest radiographs remained abnormal with 9% deteriorating. Systematic follow-up after hospitalisation with COVID-19 identifies the trajectory of physical and psychological symptom burden, recovery of blood biomarkers and imaging which could be used to inform the need for rehabilitation and/or further investigation.
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“whereas lower rates of depression (15 percent) also have been reported after hospitalization for COVID-19 (8).”
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Citations
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“However, regardless of the severity of the primary disease, there are many patients who may develop long-term symptoms after COVID-19 that significantly impair quality of life, and for whom no adequate treatment or preventive measures are available [7,8].”
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
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“In patients discharged from hospital, lymphopenia and elevated D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels were found in a minority.(84) This persistence of derangement in biomarkers, particularly those associated with inflammation, indicate that long COVID symptoms could be related to a lingering “tail” and an abnormal inf…”
A distinct symptom pattern emerges for COVID-19 long-haul: a nationwide study
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“As a mass disabling event, the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to result in challenges to patients’ physical, cognitive, and mental health that will likely require the ongoing support of their families (Crook et al., 2021; Mandal et al., 2021; Roth et al., 2021).”
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Ros, M. L., Das, S., Elias, J., Frishman, W. H., & Aronow, W. S. (2023) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000552 · Cited by 20
Sideratou, C.-M., & Papaneophytou, C. P. (2023) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr15060072 · Cited by 23
“In another study, Mandal et al. [67] analyzed 384 patients 54 days post-hospital discharge from COVID-19, finding significant ongoing symptoms and health issues.”
BackgroundCornelissen, M. E. B., Bloemsma, L. D., Vaes, A. W., Baalbaki, N., Deng, Q., Beijers, R. J. H. C. G., Noij, L. C. E., Houweling, L., Bazdar, S., Spruit, M. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-04979-1 · Cited by 21
“Other studies have shown that fatigue, breathlessness and cough are the most common persistent symptoms in post COVID-19 patients [8–11].”
BackgroundAvascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head After COVID-19: A Case Series
Александрович, П. М., Серёжаевич, П. А., Hadjicharalambous, K. K., & Boiko, A. V. (2022) · Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia · doi:10.17816/2311-2905-1687 · Cited by 20
A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR POST-ACUTE SEQUELAE OF SARS CoV-2 INFECTION
Jason, L. A., & Islam, M. F. (2022) · Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics · doi:10.47316/cajmhe.2022.3.1.04 · Cited by 20
“Mandal and colleagues [41] found that some COVID-19 patients experienced higher levels of certain biomarkers such as d-dimer and C-reactive protein after hospital”
BackgroundReyes-Long, S., Cortes-Altamirano, J. L., Bandala, C., Avendaño-Ortiz, K., Bonilla‐Jaime, H., Bueno-Nava, A., Ávila-Luna, A., Sánchez-Aparicio, P., Clavijo‐Cornejo, D., Dotor-Llerena, A. L., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043574 · Cited by 20
“long COVID is an independent disease with a complex symptomatology [23], which comprises respiratory symptoms such as breathlessness [24], coughing, chest pain and dyspnea [25]; symptoms attributed to the CNS such as headache, generalized chronic pain, fatigue [26], attention deficit disorders [12], memory loss; even…”
BackgroundParadowska-Nowakowska, E., Łoboda, D., Golba, K. S., & Sarecka‐Hujar, B. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13020508 · Cited by 21
“However, the severity of dyspnea/fatigue does not appear to be related to either the severity of acute COVID-19 or the extent of the dysfunction of the heart and lungs during the recovery period [13,14,27,45].”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroinflammation in Post COVID‐19 Sequelae: Neuroinvasion and Neuroimmune Crosstalk
Reis, R. S. D., Selvam, S., & Ayyavoo, V. (2024) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.70009 · Cited by 22
Evaluation of early and late COVID-19-induced vascular changes with OCTA
Türker, İ. Ç., Doğan, C. U., Dirim, A. B., Güven, D., & Kutucu, O. K. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2021.05.001 · Cited by 20
“4 high D-dimer and C-reactive protein values.(17) Puntmann et al.”
BackgroundModulating neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Nezgovorova, V., Ferretti, C. J., Pallanti, S., & Hollander, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.025 · Cited by 19
“…study of persisting symptoms in “long COVID-19” population of 384 patients (mean age 59.9 years; 62% male) with COVID-19 followed for a median of 54 days post-discharge, 53% reported persistent breathlessness, 34% cough, and 69% fatigue and 14.6% had depression (Mandal et al., 2020).”
InfluentialLehmann, A., Gysan, M. R., Bernitzky, D., Bal, C., Prosch, H., Zehetmayer, S., Milos, R., Vonbank, K., Pohl, W., Idzko, M., et al. (2022) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-022-01987-z · Cited by 19
“Most trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis reported fatigue (31–58%), sleep disturbances (11–44%), breathlessness (24–40%), psychological distress (12–35%), cough (7–29%) and anosmia-dysgeusia (10–22%) as the most common persistent symptoms following COVID-19 [4, 5, 14].”
BackgroundResultSurapaneni, K. M., Singhal, M., Saggu, S. R., Bhatt, A., Shunmathy, P., & Joshi, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10122418 · Cited by 19
“31 Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalization for COVID-19 [44].”
BackgroundYotsuyanagi, H., Ohmagari, N., Doi, Y., Yamato, M., Fukushi, A., Imamura, T., Sakaguchi, H., Sonoyama, T., Sanaki, T., Ichihashi, G., et al. (2024) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105958 · Cited by 19
Schweitzer, F., Kleineberg, N. N., Göreci, Y., Onur, O. A., Franke, C., & Warnke, C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000930 · Cited by 18
Widmann, C. N., Wieberneit, M., Bieler, L., Bernsen, S., Gräfenkämper, R., Brosseron, F., Schmeel, F. C., Tacik, P. M., Skowasch, D., Radbruch, A., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30259 · Cited by 19
Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis in Poland
Czarnowska, A., Kapica-Topczewska, K., Zajkowska, O., Adamczyk-Sowa, M. H., Kubicka, K., Niedziela, N., Warmus, P., Kalinowska, A., Kania, K., Słowik, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10225225 · Cited by 19
Piras, I., Piazza, M. F., Piccolo, C., Azara, A., Piana, A. F., Finco, G., & Galletta, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106263 · Cited by 18
“These findings are supported in literature and confirm that the long-term effects of the virus persist after discharge [45].”
ResultPost‑COVID‑19 syndrome in children (Review)
Filippatos, F., Tatsi, E., & Michos, A. G. (2022) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11547 · Cited by 25
Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., Sweetman, J., Allsopp, G. M., Attree, E., Crooks, M. G., Cuthbertson, D. J., Forshaw, D., Gabbay, M., Green, A., Heightman, M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277936 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of long‐COVID symptoms in women infected with SARS‐CoV ‐2 during pregnancy
Kandemir, H., Bülbül, G. A., Kirtiş, E., Güney, S., Sanhal, C. Y., & Mendilcioğlu, İ. (2023) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14972 · Cited by 18
Heterogeneity of post-COVID impairment: interim analysis of a prospective study from Czechia
Skála, M., Svoboda, M., Kopecký, M., Kočová, E., Hyršl, M., Homoláč, M., Chrobok, V., Boštík, P., Fajfr, M., Prášil, P., et al. (2021) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01546-8 · Cited by 18
The Role of Microbiome and Virome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Ntolios, P., Tzilas, V., Bouros, E., Avdoula, E., Karakasiliοtis, I., Bouros, D. E., & Steiropoulos, P. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9040442 · Cited by 20
“, followed-up patients with persisting abnormalities on blood samples or chest-X-ray (CXR) 47–59 days after their discharge [86].”
BackgroundRouadi, P. W., Idriss, S. A., Bousquet, J. J., Laidlaw, T. M., Azar, C. R., Al-Ahmad, M. S., Yáñez, A., Al‐Nesf, M. A., Nsouli, T. M., Bahna, S. L., et al. (2021) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100618 · Cited by 20
da Silva, M. D., da Silva, T. S., Mendes, C. G., Valbão, M. C. M., Badu-Tawiah, A. K., Laurindo, L. F., Barbalho, S. M., Direito, R., & Miglino, M. A. (2025) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-025-00792-8 · Cited by 20
Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zeng, X., Xu, T., Xiao, W., Yang, X., Zhan, W., Zhan, C., & Lai, K. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-21-876 · Cited by 16
“With regard to chest CT, a part of patients still presented abnormalities at the follow-up, which was consistent with some previous studies (59,60).”
ResultUse of 1-MNA to Improve Exercise Tolerance and Fatigue in Patients after COVID-19
Chudzik, M., Kapusta, J., & Burzyńska, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153004 · Cited by 17
Post-COVID syndrome: A prospective study in a tertiary hospital of Nepal
Shah, S., Bhattarai, S. R., Basnet, K., Adhikari, Y. R., Adhikari, T. B., Bhatta, N., Chamlagain, R., Aryal, S., Sah, S. K., Bhandari, G., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272636 · Cited by 20
Washirasaksiri, C., Sayabovorn, N., Ariyakunaphan, P., Kositamongkol, C., Chaisathaphol, T., Sitasuwan, T., Tinmanee, R., Auesomwang, C., Nimitpunya, P., Woradetsittichai, D., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41523-5 · Cited by 19
“A previous investigation found that 9.5% to 16.0% of individuals who recovered from COVID-19 still had high CRP levels (≥ 5 mg/L) in the second month after hospital discharge 61,62 .”
BackgroundInfluentialSong, X., Song, W., Cui, L., Duong, T. Q., Pandy, R., Liu, H., Zhou, Q., Sun, J., Yan-li, L., & Li, T. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14111168 · Cited by 17
“Typical symptoms of long COVID include fatigue, headache, body aches, shortness of breath, cognitive issues (such as brain fog), chest pain, and palpitations, with varying prevalence and severity [7,15,16]. prevalence and severity [7,15,16].”
BackgroundAlthobiani, M. A., Russell, A., Jacob, J., Ranjan, Y., Ahmad, R., Folarin, A., Hurst, J. R., & Porter, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1361667 · Cited by 19
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akyol, A. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06279-9 · Cited by 17
Dimitrovska, E., & Dimitrovska, M. (2024) · MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research · doi:10.35120/medisij030237d · Cited by 17
O’Mahoney, L. L., Routen, A. C., Gillies, C., Ekezie, W. C., Welford, A. E., Zhang, A., Karamchandani, U., Simms-Williams, N., Cassambai, S., Ardavani, A., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101959 · Cited by 17
Comparison of Complications after Coronavirus Disease and Seasonal Influenza, South Korea
Lee, H., Sung, H. K., Lee, D. K., Choi, Y., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. Y., & Oh, M. (2022) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2802.211848 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Mandal, S., Barnett, J., Brill, S. E., Brown, J. S., Denneny, E. K., Hare, S. S., Heightman, M., Hillman, T. E., Jacob, J., Jarvis, H. C., Lipman, M. C. I., Naidu, S. B., Nair, A., Porter, J. C., Tomlinson, G. S., & Hurst, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hurst, John R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Thorax
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11-10
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 396-398
- ISSN
- 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3296
- PMC
- PMC7615158
- OpenAlex
- W3101401355
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 263 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 74.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Thorax (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (Z/17/Z, 209553, 209553/Z/17/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Medical Research Council (MR/N007727/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- long COVID, persistent symptoms, dyspnea, cough, fatigue, depression, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, biomarkers, chest X-ray abnormalities, post-discharge follow-up, rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Biomarkers, Pandemics
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