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‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Large numbers of people are being discharged from hospital following COVID-19 without assessment of recovery. In 384 patients (mean age 59.9 years; 62% male) followed a median 54 days post discharge, 53% reported persistent breathlessness, 34% cough and 69% fatigue. 14.6% had depression. In those discharged with elevated biomarkers, 30.1% and 9.5% had persistently elevated d-dimer and C reactive protein, respectively. 38% of chest radiographs remained abnormal with 9% deteriorating. Systematic follow-up after hospitalisation with COVID-19 identifies the trajectory of physical and psychological symptom burden, recovery of blood biomarkers and imaging which could be used to inform the need for rehabilitation and/or further investigation.
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“whereas lower rates of depression (15 percent) also have been reported after hospitalization for COVID-19 (8).”
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Cites
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Post-COVID-19 Symptom Burden: What is Long-COVID and How Should We Manage It?
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“[23] 384 Adult; discharged from hospital U.”
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Desai, A. D., Lavelle, M. P., Boursiquot, B. C., & Wan, E. Y. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00375.2021 · Cited by 458
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BackgroundInfluentialA guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19
van de Veerdonk, F. L., Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Pickkers, P., Derde, L. P. G., Leavis, H. L., van Crevel, R., Engel, J. J., Wiersinga, W. J., Vlaar, A. P. J., Shankar‐Hari, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01643-9 · Cited by 328
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“Fatigue and dyspnoea have been reported among SARS and MERS patients, and are currently being described in COVID-19 survivors, mainly after hospitalization [3,7,17,18].”
How Common is Long COVID in Children and Adolescents?
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“For instance, D-dimer, c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin and neutrophil count found to be associated with persistence symptoms of long-COVID [33, 62-66].”
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“Similar reports continue to pour in from around the world (6-11).”
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“%) participants reported symptoms lasting ≥28 days.12 The difference in the methodology may explain the different rates of LCS reported by these studies; while active inquiry suggests a prevalence of more than 50% (observed in our study and the reports by Mandal et al.13 Morin et al.14), passive inquiry suggests a muc…”
BackgroundResultPost-COVID-19 Fatigue: Potential Contributing Factors
Rudroff, T., Fietsam, A. C., Deters, J. R., Bryant, A., & Kamholz, J. A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10121012 · Cited by 259
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“In several studies, patients reported additional symptoms such as dyspnea [12–16, 24–26, 28] and/or cognitive difficulties [14, 15, 18, 29] at similar but somewhat lower rates than fatigue.”
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“A recent study found that while symptom burden in subjects recovering from hospital admission with COVID-19 had generally improved at early follow-up, 53% reported persistent breathlessness, 34% persistent cough and 69% persistent fatigue [4].”
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Hayes, L. D., Ingram, J., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.750378 · Cited by 255
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SARS-CoV-2 drives JAK1/2-dependent local complement hyperactivation
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Long Covid-19: Proposed Primary Care Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Disease Management
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“Cough 33% [29], 43% [28] 5% [30], 18% [31], 46% [32] 2% [33], 17% [34]”
The Conundrum of ‘Long-COVID-19ʹ: A Narrative Review
Garg, M. K., Maralakunte, M., Garg, S., Dhooria, S., Sehgal, I. S., Bhalla, A. S., Vijayvergiya, R., Grover, S., Bhatia, V., Jagia, P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s316708 · Cited by 219
Acute and persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients
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Vanderlind, W. M., Rabinovitz, B. B., Miao, I. Y., Oberlin, L. E., Castellano, C. B., Fridman, C. B., Jaywant, A., & Kanellopoulos, D. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000713 · Cited by 201
“Persisting symptoms following infection are increasingly reported, including psychiatric symptoms and cognitive concerns [2,3], which are likely salient contributors to morbidity and disability.”
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Cares-Marambio, K., Montenegro-Jiménez, Y., Torres‐Castro, R., Vera‐Uribe, R., Torralba, Y., Alsina‐Restoy, X., Vasconcello‐Castillo, L., & Vilaró, J. (2021) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/14799731211002240 · Cited by 176
Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge
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“Even individuals attending emergency departments but not admitted to hospital report a prolonged and debilitating set of symptoms after their acute episode, sometimes labelled as “long COVID” [9,12]—the growing recognition of which in the literature has given rise to the new concept of “post-acute COVID-19 syndrome” (…”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a narrative review
Poenaru, S., Abdallah, S. J., Corrales‐Medina, V., & Cowan, J. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361211009385 · Cited by 167
Long COVID in children and adolescents
Asadi‐Pooya, A. A., Nemati, H., Shahisavandi, M., Akbari, A., Emami, A., Lotfi, M., Rostamihosseinkhani, M., Barzegar, Z., Kabiri, M., Zeraatpisheh, Z., et al. (2021) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-021-00457-6 · Cited by 181
Immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 induced by infection or vaccination
Dopico, X. C., Ols, S., Loré, K., & Hedestam, G. B. K. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13372 · Cited by 172
Gyöngyösi, M., Alcaide, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Camici, G. G., Martins, P. A. D. C., Ferdinandy, P., Fontana, M., Girão, H., Gnecchi, M., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac115 · Cited by 175
S1-Leitlinie Post-COVID/Long-COVID
Koczulla, A. R., Ankermann, T., Behrends, U., Berlit, P., Böing, S., Brinkmann, F., Franke, C., Glöckl, R., Gogoll, C., Hummel, T. R., et al. (2021) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-1551-9734 · Cited by 164
“Leitlinie des Wissens zu Häufigkeiten der Entwicklung entsprechender psychischer Störungen nach einer durchgemachten COVID-19-Erkrankung (s. o.), gemeinsame Erarbeitung positiver Entwicklungsschritte und Einflussfaktoren im Sinne einer Ressourcen aktivierenden Gesprächsführung.”
BackgroundInfluentialCT Lung Abnormalities after COVID-19 at 3 Months and 1 Year after Hospital Discharge
Vijayakumar, B., Tonkin, J., Devaraj, A., Philip, K. E. J., Orton, C. M., Desai, S. R., & Shah, P. L. (2021) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211746 · Cited by 159
“Breathlessness has been reported in more than half of patients after COVID-19 (3), with female patients younger than 50 years more likely to experience this (9).”
Yan, Z., Yang, M., & Lai, C. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9080966 · Cited by 165
Jennings, G., Monaghan, A., Feng, X., Mockler, D., & Romero‐Ortuño, R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10245913 · Cited by 156
“Overall, the presence of one or more symptoms in patients was recorded from 20 studies during long COVID (10, 12-15, 18, 23, 26, 30, 33-35, 37, 39, 41-43, 45-47), with two studies presenting longitudinal data (13, 45).”
BackgroundMethodIqbal, A., Iqbal, K., Ali, S. A., Azim, D., Farid, E., Baig, M. D., Arif, T. B., & Raza, M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13080 · Cited by 155
“In line with our results, a follow-up study conducted in London revealed higher breathlessness scores in discharged patients who got assessed earlier, indicating that dyspnea may subside gradually [8].”
BackgroundResultLong-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness
Püntmann, V. O., Martin, S. S., Shchendrygina, A., Hoffmann, J., Ka, M. M., Giokoglu, E., Vanchin, B., Holm, N., Karyou, A., Laux, G. S., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02000-0 · Cited by 161
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“Long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been widely reported and can have a severe impact on quality of life, frequently characterized by chronic breathlessness (1 – 3).”
Rando, H. M., Bennett, T. D., Byrd, J. B., Bramante, C. T., Callahan, T. J., Chute, C. G., Davis, H., Deer, R., Gagnier, J. J., Koraishy, F. M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.20.21253896 · Cited by 149
Long COVID: An inevitable sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Lai, C., Hsu, C., Yen, M., Lee, P., Ko, W., & Hsueh, P. (2022) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2022.10.003 · Cited by 135
Craddock, V. D., Mahajan, A., Spikes, L. A., Krishnamachary, B., Ram, A. K., Kumar, A., Chen, L., Chalise, P., & Dhillon, N. K. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28568 · Cited by 134
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, Q., Shao, J., Liang, S., Yu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, C. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01640-z · Cited by 150
Pérez‐González, A., Araújo-Ameijeiras, A., Fernández‐Villar, A., Casal, M. C., Poveda, E., Cabrera, J. J., del Campo, V., de Araujo, B. G., Gómez, C., Leiro‐Fernández, V., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07414-x · Cited by 138
“Although this percentage is relevant, it was lower than others reported before [12,13], around 65 – 70%.”
ResultHuang, Y., Pinto, M. D., Borelli, J. L., Mehrabadi, M. A., Abrihim, H., Dutt, N. D., Lambert, N., Nurmi, E. L., Chakraborty, R., Rahmani, A. M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.21252086 · Cited by 131
“Data from multiple studies converge to illustrate that many hospitalized and nonhospitalized survivors of COVID-19 experience persistent symptoms (10-16).”
BackgroundPost-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome and the cardiovascular system: What is known?
Dixit, N. M., Churchill, A., Nsair, A., & Hsu, J. J. (2021) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100025 · Cited by 129
Long COVID in Children and Adolescents
Fainardi, V., Meoli, A., Chiopris, G., Motta, M., Skenderaj, K., Grandinetti, R., Bergomi, A., Antodaro, F., Zona, S., & Esposito, S. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12020285 · Cited by 135
“Questionnaires such as the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Screen (C19-YRS) [47] or the questionnaire developed by the Swiss COVID Study Group and the Swiss Society for Pulmonology (SSP) were used to address the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary long COVID in adult patients [48].”
MethodCharacteristics and predictors of Long COVID among diagnosed cases of COVID-19
Arjun, M. C., Singh, A. K., Pal, D., Das, K., Gajjala, A., Venkateshan, M., Mishra, B., Patro, B. K., Mohapatra, P. R., & Subba, S. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278825 · Cited by 131
Post COVID-19 sequelae: A prospective observational study from Northern India
Naik, S. R., Soneja, M., Haldar, S. N., Mundadan, N. G., Garg, P., Mittal, A., Desai, D., Trilangi, P. K., Chakraborty, S., Begam, N. N., et al. (2021) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2021.01093 · Cited by 135
Adeloye, D., Elneima, O., Daines, L., Poinasamy, K., Quint, J. K., Walker, S., Brightling, C. E., Siddiqui, S., Hurst, J. R., Chalmers, J. D., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00286-1 · Cited by 126
Sunjaya, A. P., Allida, S. M., Tanna, G. L. D., & Jenkins, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2021.1888116 · Cited by 123
“Finally, a proportion of patients with COVID-19 experience prolonged effects following the acute illness, now termed “Long COVID” (92).”
BackgroundOrrù, G., Bertelloni, D., Diolaiuti, F., Mucci, F., Giuseppe, M. D., Biella, M., Gemignani, A., Ciacchini, R., & Conversano, C. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050575 · Cited by 124
“Such results appear substantially in line with those observed by Mandal and colleagues [34], indicating that subjects reported a persistence of fatigue (69%), dyspnea (53%), and cough (34%) after 54 days from their negative swab.”
BackgroundResultRisk Factors Associated with Long COVID Syndrome: A Retrospective Study.
Asadi‐Pooya, A. A., Akbari, A., Emami, A., Lotfi, M., Rostamihosseinkhani, M., Nemati, H., Barzegar, Z., Kabiri, M., Zeraatpisheh, Z., Kouhanjani, M. F., et al. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/ijms.2021.92080.2326 · Cited by 142
Naidu, S. B., Shah, A., Saigal, A., Smith, C. J., Brill, S., Goldring, J. J. P., Hurst, J. R., Jarvis, H., Lipman, M. C. I., & Mandal, S. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.04364-2020 · Cited by 119
“We established a virtual follow-up service (methodology and questionnaire previously reported (7)) for all adults discharged from hospital with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 (with or without positive swabs).”
Holmes, E. C., Wist, J., Masuda, R., Lodge, S., Nitschke, P., Kimhofer, T., Loo, R. L., Begum, S., Boughton, B. A., Yang, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224 · Cited by 115
Thye, A. Y.-K., Law, J. W., Tan, L. T., Pusparajah, P., Ser, H., Thurairajasingam, S., Letchumanan, V., & Lee, L. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11010061 · Cited by 122
Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review
Clarke, S. A., Abbara, A., & Dhillo, W. S. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab203 · Cited by 116
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Evidence of mood & cognitive impairment
Lamontagne, S. J., Winters, M. F., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Olmstead, M. C. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100347 · Cited by 120
Koczulla, A. R., Ankermann, T., Behrends, U., Berlit, P., Berner, R., Böing, S., Brinkmann, F., Frank, U., Franke, C., Glöckl, R., et al. (2022) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-1946-3230 · Cited by 118
“9,5% von Patient*innen mit überstandener COVID-19 [48, 49].”
BackgroundSalari, N., Khodayari, Y., Far, A. H., Zarei, H., Rasoulpoor, S., Akbari, H., & Mohammadi, M. (2022) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-022-00250-5 · Cited by 114
“In the study by AsadiPooya, the prevalence of chronic post-COVID-19 fatigue was 69% in the adult population, whereas in study of Mandal 7% in children and adolescents reported postCOVID-19 fatigue [26, 64].”
BackgroundPatient symptoms and experience following COVID-19: results from a UK-wide survey
Buttery, S. C., Philip, K. E. J., Williams, P. J., Fallas, A., West, B., Cumella, A., Cheung, C., Walker, S., Quint, J. K., Polkey, M. I., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001075 · Cited by 103
“Our findings demonstrate the varying patterns and persistence of symptoms of Long-COVID, which do not necessarily appear to be associated with severity of the acute phase of the virus and are in keeping with those presented by other recent papers(7-12).”
BackgroundResultLow Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors
di Filippo, L., Frara, S., Nannipieri, F., Cotellessa, A., Locatelli, M., Rovere, P. Q., & Giustina, A. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad207 · Cited by 103
Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update
Su, S., Zhao, Y., Zeng, N., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Zhong, Y., Wu, S., Ni, S., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3 · Cited by 107
“Previous work showed that 30.1% and 9.5% of patients had persistently elevated d-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) following hospital discharge with COVID-19 [112].”
InfluentialExercise Ventilatory Inefficiency in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Insights from a Prospective Evaluation
Aparisi, Á., Ybarra-Falcón, C., Gomez, M. G., Tobar, J., Iglesias-Echeverría, C., Largo, S. J., Ladrón, R., Uribarri, A., Catalá, P., Hinojosa, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10122591 · Cited by 109
“[20] Thorax/2020 Single-center Prospective 384 > 1month Dyspnea 53% Fatigue 69% Cough 34% CRP 1 (1–4) D-dimer 384 (242–665) Lymphocytes 1.”
Robbins, T., Gonevski, M., Clark, C. C. T., Baitule, S., Sharma, K., Magar, A., Patel, K., Sankar, S., Kyrou, I., Ali, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0462 · Cited by 97
Hayden, M. C., Limbach, M., Schüler, M., Merkl, S., Schwarzl, G., Jakab, K., Nowak, D., & Schultz, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179001 · Cited by 98
Yomogida, K., Zhu, S., Rubino, F., Figueroa, W., Balanji, N., & Holman, E. J. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a2 · Cited by 89
Recovering from a pandemic: pulmonary fibrosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection
Mylvaganam, R. J., Bailey, J. I., Sznajder, J. I., & Sala, M. A. (2021) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0194-2021 · Cited by 91
Gamberini, L., Mazzoli, C. A., Prediletto, I., Sintonen, H., Scaramuzzo, G., Allegri, D., Colombo, D., Tonetti, T., Zani, G., Capozzi, C., et al. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106665 · Cited by 84
A multisystem, cardio-renal investigation of post-COVID-19 illness
Morrow, A., Sykes, R., McIntosh, A., Kamdar, A. L., Bagot, C. N., Bayes, H. K., Blyth, K. G., Briscoe, M., Bulluck, H., Carrick, D., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01837-9 · Cited by 83
Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis: Facts—Challenges and Futures: A Narrative Review
Duong‐Quy, S., Vo-Pham-Minh, T., Tran-Xuan, Q., Huynh-Anh, T., Vo-Van, T., Vu-Tran-Thien, Q., & Nguyen‐Nhu, V. (2023) · Pulmonary Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41030-023-00226-y · Cited by 90
“Investigations have found that 38% of patients had respiratory chest radiographic abnormalities at a median of 54 days post-discharge, and 9% of individuals studied had deteriorating radiographic abnormalities during the course of the study’s follow-up [30].”
BackgroundTaribagil, P., Creer, D. D., & Tahir, H. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-241485 · Cited by 82
Health Care Utilization in the 6 Months Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Tartof, S. Y., Malden, D. E., Liu, I. A., Sy, L. S., Lewin, B. J., Williams, J. T. B., Hambidge, S. J., Alpern, J. D., Daley, M. F., Nelson, J. C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.25657 · Cited by 85
Long-term clinical and biochemical residue after COVID-19 recovery
Gameil, M. A., Marzouk, R. E., El-Sebaie, A. H., & Rozaik, S. E. (2021) · Egyptian Liver Journal · doi:10.1186/s43066-021-00144-1 · Cited by 80
Zheng, B., Daines, L., Han, Q., Hurst, J. R., Pfeffer, P., Shankar‐Hari, M., Elneima, O., Walker, S., Brown, J., Siddiqui, S., et al. (2022) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0071-2022 · Cited by 80
Respiratory rehabilitation for Covid-19 related persistent dyspnoea: A one-year experience
Bouteleux, B., Henrot, P., Ernst, R., Grassion, L., Rahérison, C., Beaufils, F., Zysman, M., & Delorme, M. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106648 · Cited by 79
Metadata
- Authors
- Mandal, S., Barnett, J., Brill, S. E., Brown, J. S., Denneny, E. K., Hare, S. S., Heightman, M., Hillman, T. E., Jacob, J., Jarvis, H. C., Lipman, M. C. I., Naidu, S. B., Nair, A., Porter, J. C., Tomlinson, G. S., & Hurst, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hurst, John R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Thorax
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11-10
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 396-398
- ISSN
- 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3296
- PMC
- PMC7615158
- OpenAlex
- W3101401355
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 263 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 74.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Thorax (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (Z/17/Z, 209553, 209553/Z/17/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Medical Research Council (MR/N007727/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- long COVID, persistent symptoms, dyspnea, cough, fatigue, depression, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, biomarkers, chest X-ray abnormalities, post-discharge follow-up, rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Biomarkers, Pandemics
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