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‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Large numbers of people are being discharged from hospital following COVID-19 without assessment of recovery. In 384 patients (mean age 59.9 years; 62% male) followed a median 54 days post discharge, 53% reported persistent breathlessness, 34% cough and 69% fatigue. 14.6% had depression. In those discharged with elevated biomarkers, 30.1% and 9.5% had persistently elevated d-dimer and C reactive protein, respectively. 38% of chest radiographs remained abnormal with 9% deteriorating. Systematic follow-up after hospitalisation with COVID-19 identifies the trajectory of physical and psychological symptom burden, recovery of blood biomarkers and imaging which could be used to inform the need for rehabilitation and/or further investigation.
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“whereas lower rates of depression (15 percent) also have been reported after hospitalization for COVID-19 (8).”
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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What Might Surviving Coronavirus Disease 2019 Look Like for People Living with HIV?
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Long Covid and persistent headache
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Risk preferences and risk perception affect the acceptance of digital contact tracingPreprint
Albrecht, R., Jarecki, J., Meier, D., & Rieskamp, J. (2020) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4x5f3 · Cited by 9
Correlation between Galanin and its receptor with the serum electrolytes in Long-COVID patientsPreprint
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SARS-CoV-2 y síndrome post-COVID-19 en reumatología pediátrica: una revisión exploratoria
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“43-46 47,48 síntomas fatiga, tos, mialgia, artralgia, insomnio y altera-ciones 49,50 hemolítica, la 49 5,16-27,29-33 La artritis reactiva es una inflamación articular esté-ril provocada por una infección a distancia en huéspedes susceptibles, caracterizada por monoartritis típicamente asi-métrica u…”
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BackgroundInfluentialThe Burden of Post-Acute Sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Individuals with Rheumatic Diseases
Srivatsan, S., & Patel, N. J. (2024) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.003 · Cited by 1
Long Term Respiratory Follow up Findings of COVID-19 Cases
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“The findings of this study also elucidate those individuals with long COVID reporting significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to those without the condition, which is consistent with existing research highlighting the emotional consequences associated with long COVID [3,9–11].”
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“5-17) days for lymphocyte count, 15 (8-20) days for LDH, 15 (10.”
BackgroundLong COVID-19 Syndrome: Multiorgan Damage and Recommendations for Follow-Up and Rehabilitation
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“Mandal 등[18]은 384명의 COVID-19 환자를 퇴원 후 54 일(사분위수 47-59일)간 추적관찰한 결과 69%에서 피로감 을 호소하고, 절반 이상은 여전히 호흡곤란을 호소하는 것으 로 보고하였다.”
Hellgren, L., Thornberg, U. B., Samuelsson, K., Levi, R., & Anestis (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.08.800 · Cited by 1
El fenómeno del COVID persistente: una revisión
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“…different between the patients with a long-term respiratory squeal and others, research suggests that its raise is associated with the severity of COVID-19 during the hospitalization [16] and in contrast to our study, some report persistent high CRP levels after 6 weeks of discharge [17].”
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Adjustment Disorder in Long Covid: A Case Report
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del-Valle-Valdés, M. F., Díaz-Canales, C., del Sol, M., Cabello, M. E., Valenzuela-Vásquez, J., & Muñoz-Cofré, R. (2023) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022023000501485 · Cited by 1
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“However, the problem of immunity escape mentioned above and the “ long covid ” effect that affects working abilities of recovered people [10,17,32,35] have significantly reduced the feasibility of this policy.”
BackgroundCross-Sectional Perspective Study of Post-COVID Syndrome Characteristics in Benghazi, Libya
Buzgeia, A. M., Badi, N. H. S., Bushaala, F. M., & Hamad, N. M. A. (2023) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1111004 · Cited by 1
A descriptive study of post-COVID sequelae in mild to severe cases in western India
Ernam, S. S., Matthews, D., Gade, R., & Prabhakar, K. (2023) · MGM Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_135_23 · Cited by 1
Tencerová, J., Haľama, P., & Uhrecký, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1335145 · Cited by 1
Biserni, C., de Groot, B. O., Fuermaier, A. B. M., de Waard, D., & Enriquez‐Geppert, S. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2314874 · Cited by 1
“Notably, fatigue persisting over the period of 3 – 6 months post-diagnosis is reported as one of the most debilitating symptoms (Del Rio et al., 2020; Goërtz et al., 2020; Ladds et al., 2020; Mandal et al., 2021).”
Islam, M. T., Mahjabin, A., Islam, M. M., Tasnim, A. F., Khan, F. A., Khan, I. I., Alim, M. A., Khasru, M. R., & Uddin, T. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.133999.3 · Cited by 1
Shaw, E. J., Nunns, M., Spicer, S. G., Lawal, H., Briscoe, S., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Garside, R., Liabo, K., & Coon, J. T. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1412 · Cited by 5
“The recent COVID ‐ 19 pandemic is also likely to have implications for the workforce, both in terms of increased prevalence of mental ill ‐ health (Vindegaard & Benros, 2020), and ‘ long ‐ Covid ’ symptoms (Mandal et al., 2020), and changes to working patterns, which may affect the support requirements of employees (K…”
BackgroundAssessment of the Concentrations of Selected Aminothiols in Patients after COVID-19
Szołtysek-Bołdys, I., Zielińska-Danch, W., Łoboda, D., Golba, K. S., & Sarecka‐Hujar, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144108 · Cited by 1
Translation and cultural adaptation of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale into German
Sperl, L., Stamm, T., Mosor, E., Ritschl, V., Sivan, M., Hoffmann, K., & Gantschnig, B. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1401491 · Cited by 1
Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Kurmangaliyeva, S. S., Urazayeva, S. T., Bazargaliyev, Y., Kudabayeva, K. I., Kurmangaliyev, K. B., Balmagambetova, S. K., & Madenbayeva, A. M. (2024) · Медицинский журнал Западного Казахстана · doi:10.18502/wkmj.v66i3.16572 · Cited by 1
“Another study found that elevated levels of D-dimer and CRP, as well as reduced lymphocyte counts, are more common among survivors of COVID-19 with persistent symptoms compared to those who have fully recovered [46].”
BackgroundCardiopulmonary exercise test in medical and biological practice (literature review)
Kir’yanov, A. B., Кожевникова, И. С., Farkova, А. А., Anikina, N. Y., Владимировна, Ю. Е., & Amelina, A. I. (2024) · Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук · doi:10.29413/abs.2024-9.4.5 · Cited by 1
Li, T., He, B., Liu, Y., & Wang, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1410559 · Cited by 1
Naidu, S. B., Saigal, A., Shah, A., Ogbonnaya, C., Bhattacharyya, S., Thillaivasan, K., Xiao, S., Niklewicz, C. N., Seligmann, G., Bintalib, H. M., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312719 · Cited by 1
Neudecker, S., Meier, I., Stucke, J., & Meyer-Feil, T. (2024) · Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2431-6804 · Cited by 1
Sykes, R., Morrow, A., Mangion, K., McConnachie, A., McIntosh, A., Roditi, G., Peng, L., Rooney, C., Scott, K. M., Stobo, D., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001985 · Cited by 1
Kakavand, G., Arabzadeh, S., Mohebbi, S., Saeedfar, K., Abedini, A., & Mardani, M. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107536 · Cited by 1
Mohammadi, S. P., Etesamipour, R., Mercado, F., Fashkhami, M. N., & Peláez, I. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111180 · Cited by 1
“…discrepancy with some reports that describe broader post-COVID cognitive effects [31] may reflect differences in sample composition and illness severity—only 5.7% of our participants reported severe acute infection—whereas other cohorts included larger proportions of hospitalized patients [53,54].”
InfluentialLate presentation of organising pneumonia in COVID ‐19
King, P. T. (2021) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15342 · Cited by 1
COVID-19-isolatiespreekuren tijdens de ‘eerste golf’
van Royen, F. S.-A., Geersing, G., van Doorn, S., van Smeden, M., Rutten, F. H., & Lambermon, E. (2021) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/s12445-021-1239-3 · Cited by 1
Anstey, R., Rossdale, J., Dereham, A., Peter, E., Tan, R., Ross, R. M., Robinson, G., Hartley, T., Suntharalingam, J., & Rodrigues, J. C. L. (2022) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0124 · Cited by 1
Weingärtner, A.-L., & Stengel, A. (2022) · PSYCH up2date · doi:10.1055/a-1694-6556 · Cited by 1
Strategic Responses of the Organization to the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
Dereń, A. M., & Skonieczny, J. (2022) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9840-5.ch002 · Cited by 1
Recovering from COVID-19: lessons learnt from an intensive secondary care follow-up service
Kumar, K., Ratnakumar, P., Ricci, P., Al-Zubaidy, M., Srikanthan, K., Agrawal, S., Ahmedani, I., Baxter, I., Monem, E., Coleman, M., et al. (2022) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/fhj.2021-0197 · Cited by 1
Wallis, T., Welham, B., Kong, A., Morelli, T., Azim, A., Horno, J., Wilkinson, M., Burke, H., Freeman, A. T., Wilkinson, T. M. A., et al. (2022) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-022-02217-0 · Cited by 1
Orlova, Y. A., Mareev, Y. V., Mareev, V. Y., Plisyk, A. G., Begrambekova, Y. L., Akopyan, Z. A., Sakaeva, D. M., Loginova, D. D., Shurygina, А. S., & Kamalov, A. A. (2022) · Kardiologiia · doi:10.18087/cardio.2022.10.n2198 · Cited by 1
Komarov, A. G., Latypova, M. F., Slutskiy, E. A., & Bezymyanny, A. S. (2022) · Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment · doi:10.32687/1561-5936-2022-26-4-347-356 · Cited by 1
Long COVID and Aviation Safety
Kwon, Y. H. (2022) · The Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.46246/kjasem.220019 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mandal, S., Barnett, J., Brill, S. E., Brown, J. S., Denneny, E. K., Hare, S. S., Heightman, M., Hillman, T. E., Jacob, J., Jarvis, H. C., Lipman, M. C. I., Naidu, S. B., Nair, A., Porter, J. C., Tomlinson, G. S., & Hurst, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hurst, John R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Thorax
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11-10
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 396-398
- ISSN
- 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3296
- PMC
- PMC7615158
- OpenAlex
- W3101401355
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 263 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 74.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Thorax (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (Z/17/Z, 209553, 209553/Z/17/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Medical Research Council (MR/N007727/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- long COVID, persistent symptoms, dyspnea, cough, fatigue, depression, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, biomarkers, chest X-ray abnormalities, post-discharge follow-up, rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Biomarkers, Pandemics
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