Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This paper describes the methods and conceptual framework for Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data collection. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat. METHODS: The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of 45 971 adults and youth in the USA, aged 12 years and older. Wave 1 was conducted from 12 September 2013 to 15 December 2014 using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing to collect information on tobacco-use patterns, risk perceptions and attitudes towards current and newly emerging tobacco products, tobacco initiation, cessation, relapse behaviours and health outcomes. The PATH Study's design allows for the longitudinal assessment of patterns of use of a spectrum of tobacco products, including initiation, cessation, relapse and transitions between products, as well as factors associated with use patterns. Additionally, the PATH Study collects biospecimens from consenting adults aged 18 years and older and measures biomarkers of exposure and potential harm related to tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative, population-based data generated over time by the PATH Study will contribute to the evidence base to inform FDA's regulatory mission under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and efforts to reduce the Nation's burden of tobacco-related death and disease.
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The PATH study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of adolescents.
“We used data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, which is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of adolescents.15”
From Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth. (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
The PATH Study Design Features section describes PATH as a national longitudinal cohort with a nationally representative sample that includes 13,651 youths aged 12–17. The claim captures its adolescent participants but describes the study as a cohort of adolescents, omitting the 32,320 adults who were also in the cohort. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“Ascertainment of Study Population Our study focused on the adult population of the PATH database contained in the Wave 1 Adult Interview [September 12, 2013 to December 14, 2014] (28).”
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“In this study, we used data from wave 2 (2014–2015) and wave 3 (2015–2016) youth and adult survey public-use files of the PATH Study, which includes nationally representative, longitudinal cohorts of civilian, noninstitutionalized youth and adults in the United States.(28) The PATH Study’s weighted response rates at w…”
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Self-citationTobacco Product Harm Perceptions and New Use
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“More details about the PATH study design and methods are published elsewhere [25].”
MethodAssociations of Flavored e-Cigarette Uptake With Subsequent Smoking Initiation and Cessation
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“Further details regarding the PATH Study design and methods are available elsewhere.(34) This study used de-identified data available from the restricted use files hosted by the National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program (NAHDAP) (http://goo.”
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Self-citationRural vs. Urban Use of Traditional and Emerging Tobacco Products in the United States, 2013–2014
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“The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [12] is a large, nationally representative longitudinal study that collects detailed measures of tobacco use and related information annually.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOnline Tobacco Marketing Among US Adolescent Sexual, Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Minorities
Soneji, S., Knutzen, K. E., Tan, A. S. L., Moran, M., Yang, J., Sargent, J., & Choi, K. (2019) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.015 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationNicksic, N. E., & Barnes, A. J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Further details on the PATH study design and methodology are published elsewhere (Hyland et al., 2017).”
MethodPreferred Reporting Items for Complex Sample Survey Analysis (PRICSSA)
Seidenberg, A., Moser, R., & West, B. T. (2023) · Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology · doi:10.1093/jssam/smac040 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bidirectional Association Between Bullying Perpetration and Internalizing Problems Among Youth
Silva, M. A. D., Gonzalez, J. C., Person, G. L., & Martins, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.022 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Overbeek G, Vollebergh W, Meeus W, et al. Course, Co-Occurrence, and Longitudinal Associations of Emotional Disturbance and Delinquency from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Six-Year Three-Wave Study.”
MethodInfluentialKasza, K. A., Edwards, K. C., Tang, Z., Stanton, C. A., Sharma, E., Halenar, M. J., Taylor, K. A., Donaldson, E. A., Hull, L. C., Day, H., et al. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055671 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationElton-Marshall, T., Driezen, P., Fong, G., Cummings, K. M., Persoskie, A., Wackowski, O., Choi, K., Kaufman, A. R., Strong, D., Gravely, S., et al. (2020) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106337 · Cited by 59
Self-citationPearson, J. L., Johnson, A. L., Villanti, A., Glasser, A. M., Collins, L. K., Cohn, A. M., Rose, S., Niaura, R., & Stanton, C. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053265 · Cited by 59
Self-citationUse of E-cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products and Progression to Daily Cigarette Smoking
Pierce, J., Chen, R., Leas, E., White, M., Kealey, S., Stone, M. D., Benmarhnia, T., Trinidad, D., Strong, D., & Messer, K. (2021) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-025122 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSilveira, M., Green, V. R., Iannaccone, R., Kimmel, H., & Conway, K. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14547 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Detailed methodological information about the study design and protocol is available elsewhere [24] and at https://doi.”
Self-citationWang, Y., Duan, Z., Weaver, S. R., Self‐Brown, S., Ashley, D. L., Emery, S., & Huang, J. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.33938 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cohn, A. M., & Chen, S.-X. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109278 · Cited by 57
Longitudinal Uses of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study
Piesse, A., Opsomer, J., Dohrmann, S., Digaetano, R., Morganstein, D., Taylor, K. A., Carusi, C., & Hyland, A. (2021) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.7.1.1 · Cited by 57
“We can estimate the following 4 quantities: (1) percentage of individuals reporting the behavior in both Wave 1 and Wave 2, (2) percentage of individuals reporting the behavior in Wave 1 but not in Wave 2, (3) percentage of individuals not reporting the behavior in Wave 1 but doing so in Wave 2, and (4) percentage of…”
MethodSelf-citationAssari, S., Boyce, S., Bazargan, M., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00030 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Building on the MDRs literature (Assari, 2017, 2018a) and using a national sample of United States adolescents (Hyland et al., 2017; Tourangeau et al., 2018), we compared the effect of parental education level on adolescents’ educational outcomes based on neighborhood quality.”
Rostron, B., Cheng, Y.-C., Gardner, L. D., & Ambrose, B. K. (2020) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.44.1.8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationStrong, D., Leas, E., Elton-Marshall, T., Wackowski, O., Travers, M., Bansal-Travers, M., Hyland, A., White, M., Noble, M. L., Cummings, K., et al. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.017 · Cited by 57
Self-citationStanton, C., Sharma, E., Edwards, K. C., Halenar, M. J., Taylor, K. A., Kasza, K., Day, H. R., Anic, G. M., Gardner, L. D., Hammad, H. T., et al. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055574 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationAdult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD
Perez, M. F., Atuegwu, N., Mead, E., Oncken, C., & Mortensen, E. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203938 · Cited by 56
“For this study, publicly available adult data was used from the first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) cohort study conducted from 12 September 2013 to 15 December 2014 [34].”
MethodSmith, D. M., Christensen, C. H., van Bemmel, D. M., Borek, N., Ambrose, B. K., Erives, G., Niaura, R., Edwards, K. C., Stanton, C., Blount, B., et al. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa252 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationCavazos-Rehg, P., Li, X., Kasson, E., Kaiser, N., Borodovsky, J., Grucza, R., Chen, L.-S., & Bierut, L. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa113 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Stanton, C. A., Sharma, E., Seaman, E. L., Kasza, K. A., Edwards, K. C., Halenar, M. J., Taylor, K. A., Day, H., Anic, G. M., Hull, L. C., et al. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055573 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationPersoskie, A., O'Brien, E. K., & Poonai, K. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14730 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dependence on e‐cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross‐sectional study of US adults
Shiffman, S., & Sembower, M. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15060 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“PATH is a nationally representative survey of tobacco use with annual waves of data collection with a four-stage, stratified probability sample of noninstitutionalized, civilian US adults (approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board) [25].”
Carey, F. R., Rogers, S. M., Cohn, E. A., Harrell, M. B., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)) study (Hyland et al., 2017) that have been shown to be reliable and valid.”
BackgroundSilveira, M., Conway, K. P., Green, V. R., Kasza, K., Sargent, J., Borek, N., Stanton, C. A., Cohn, A. M., Hilmi, N., Cummings, K., et al. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationCompton, W., Flannagan, K. S. J., Silveira, M., Creamer, M. R., Kimmel, H., Kanel, M., Blanco, C., & Volkow, N. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54566 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationE-cigarette Use Among US Adults: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Rodu, B., & Plurphanswat, N. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx194 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, J. C. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1455704 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of adults and youth in the U.S. Waves 1 and 2 data of the PATH Study were collected between 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialTobacco and Nicotine Delivery Product Use in a U.S. National Sample of Women of Reproductive Age
Lopez, A., Redner, R., Kurti, A., Keith, D., Villanti, A., Stanton, C., Gaalema, D., Bunn, J., Doogan, N., Cepeda-Benito, A., et al. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.03.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Soneji, S., Pierce, J., Choi, K., Portnoy, D. B., Margolis, K. A., Stanton, C., Moore, R. J., Bansal-Travers, M., Carusi, C., Hyland, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“[16] and on the PATH Study’s Web site [17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationInterest in Quitting E-Cigarettes among Adults in the United States.
Rosen, R. L., & Steinberg, M. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz062 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vora, M., & Chaffee, B. (2019) · The Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2018.12.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Detailed methodological information about the study design and protocol is available elsewhere [15].”
BackgroundLongitudinal e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use Among US Youth in the PATH Study (2013–2015)
Stanton, C. A., Bansal‐Travers, M., Johnson, A. L., Sharma, E., Katz, L., Ambrose, B. K., Silveira, M. L., Day, H., Sargent, J. D., Borek, N., et al. (2019) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djz006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Further details regarding the PATH Study design and methods are published elsewhere (19).”
MethodSelf-citationTobacco and E-cigarette use among cancer survivors in the United States
Salloum, R. G., Huo, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, J., Dallery, J., George, T. J., & Warren, G. W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226110 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“population including adjustments for oversampling and nonresponse.[13] The weighted interview response rate for adults in Wave 1 was 74.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Wong, L.-Y., Meng, L., Pittman, E. N., Trinidad, D. A., Hubbard, K., Etheredge, A. A., Valle-Pinero, A. D. D., Zamoiski, R. D., van Bemmel, D. M., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.068 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Study design and participants Data used in this current analysis are from Wave 1 of the PATH Study, collected from September 12, 2013 to December 15, 2014.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDiminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans
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Self-citationSawyer, A. N., Bono, R. S., Kaplan, B., & Breland, A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109268 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Xia, B., Blount, B., Guillot, T., Brosius, C., Li, Y., van Bemmel, D. M., Kimmel, H., Chang, C. M., Borek, N., Edwards, K. C., et al. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa110 · Cited by 47
Self-citationBuckell, J., & Hess, S. (2019) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.03.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“, 2018) and Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) – a large, nationally-collected tobacco use data set (Hyland et al., 2017).”
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Mental Health and Oral Health in a Nationally Representative Cohort
Kalaigian, A., & Chaffee, B. W. (2023) · Journal of dentistry research · doi:10.1177/00220345231171108 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“We used the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to compare long-term abstinence between matched US smokers who tried to quit with and without use of e-cigarettes as a cessation aid.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationJohnson, S. E., O'Brien, E. K., Coleman, B., Tessman, G. K., Hoffman, L., & Delahanty, J. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.03.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationFong, G., Elton-Marshall, T., Driezen, P., Kaufman, A. R., Cummings, K., Choi, K., Kwan, J., Koblitz, A. R., Hyland, A., Bansal-Travers, M., et al. (2018) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.023 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hyland, A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Lambert, E., Carusi, C., Taylor, K., Crosse, S., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Abrams, D., Pierce, J. P., Sargent, J., Messer, K., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R., Vallone, D., Hammond, D., Hilmi, N., Kwan, J., Piesse, A., Kalton, G., Lohr, S., Pharris-Ciurej, N., Castleman, V., Green, V. R., Tessman, G., Kaufman, A., Lawrence, C., van Bemmel, D. M., Kimmel, H. L., Blount, B., Yang, L., O'Brien, B., Tworek, C., Alberding, D., Hull, L. C., Cheng, Y.-C., Maklan, D., Backinger, C. L., & Compton, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Westat (United States) (US)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Truth Initiative (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyland, Andrew
- ORCID
- Hyland, Andrew
- Ambrose, Bridget K
- Conway, Kevin P
- Carusi, Charles
- Taylor, Kristie
- Fong, Geoffrey T
- Cummings, K Michael
- Abrams, David
- Pierce, John P
- Sargent, James
- Messer, Karen
- Vallone, Donna
- Hammond, David
- Kwan, Jonathan
- Piesse, Andrea
- Kalton, Graham
- Lohr, Sharon
- Kaufman, Annette
- Lawrence, Charles
- Kimmel, Heather L
- Yang, Ling
- Cheng, Yu-Ching
- Compton, Wilson M
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2016-08-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 371-378
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- PMC
- PMC5299069
- OpenAlex
- W2518934199
- Cited by
- 872
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 54.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN271201100027 C)
- National Institutes of Health (Contract No. HHSN271201100027C, HHSN271201100027C)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (HHSN271201100027C)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA023100, P30CA023108)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- tobacco use patterns, tobacco initiation, tobacco cessation, relapse, risk perception, biological specimen, biomarkers of tobacco exposure, longitudinal cohort, audio computer-assisted self-interviewing, Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, tobacco regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Public Health, Research Design, Smoking, United States, Young Adult
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