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Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This paper describes the methods and conceptual framework for Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data collection. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat. METHODS: The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of 45 971 adults and youth in the USA, aged 12 years and older. Wave 1 was conducted from 12 September 2013 to 15 December 2014 using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing to collect information on tobacco-use patterns, risk perceptions and attitudes towards current and newly emerging tobacco products, tobacco initiation, cessation, relapse behaviours and health outcomes. The PATH Study's design allows for the longitudinal assessment of patterns of use of a spectrum of tobacco products, including initiation, cessation, relapse and transitions between products, as well as factors associated with use patterns. Additionally, the PATH Study collects biospecimens from consenting adults aged 18 years and older and measures biomarkers of exposure and potential harm related to tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative, population-based data generated over time by the PATH Study will contribute to the evidence base to inform FDA's regulatory mission under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and efforts to reduce the Nation's burden of tobacco-related death and disease.
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“We used data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, which is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of adolescents.15”
From Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth. (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
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Li, W., & Osibogun, O. I. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10181-2 · Cited by 6
“The PATH Study is a nationally representative and longitudinal cohort of US youth and adults to understand factors associated with changes in tobacco use and related health outcomes [23].”
Sun, R., Méndez, D., & Warner, K. E. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.011 · Cited by 5
Evans-Polce, R. J., Schuler, M. S., Kcomt, L., McCabe, V. V., & McCabe, S. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.01.017 · Cited by 5
Sun, R., Chana, S. M., Hawes, E. S., Hendricks, P. S., Cropsey, K. L., Gaggar, A., & Scarinci, I. C. (2022) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001124 · Cited by 5
Terms tobacco users employ to describe e-cigarette aerosol
Kalan, M. E., Lazard, A. J., Sheldon, J. M., Whitesell, C., Hall, M., Ribisl, K., & Brewer, N. (2022) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057233 · Cited by 5
Doubly-Robust Dynamic Treatment Regimen Estimation for Binary Outcomes
Jiang, C., Wallace, M. P., & Thompson, M. (2022) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2203.08269 · Cited by 5
Gratale, S., Teotia, A., Chen-Sankey, J., Ganz, O., Delnevo, C., Strasser, A. A., & Wackowski, O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063221 · Cited by 5
“The PATH Study collects information on tobacco use and health status through audio computer-assisted self-interviews in English and Spanish [35].”
MethodEhlke, S. J., Ganz, O., Kendzor, D. E., & Cohn, A. M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107265 · Cited by 7
Spears, C. A., Jones, D. M., Cottrell‐Daniels, C., Elahi, H., Strosnider, C. L., Luong, J., Weaver, S. R., & Pechacek, T. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031157 · Cited by 7
“Participants also rated the importance of 18 reasons for using ENDS based on the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study [23], using a 7-point scale (0 = not at all important, 6 = very important).”
MethodBluestein, M. A., Harrell, M. B., Hébert, E. T., Chen, B.-J., Kuk, A., Spells, C. E., & Pérez, A. (2022) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x221133645 · Cited by 5
“Wave 1 data was collected from September 2013 to December 2014, with 13,651 youth (aged 12-17) completing the study.(21)Wave 2 data was collected from October 2014- October 2015, wave 3 from October 2015- October 2016 and wave 4 from December 2016- January 2018.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPérez, A., Kuk, A., Bluestein, M. A., Sia, H. M. S., & Chen, B.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412985 · Cited by 5
Matulewicz, R. S., Feuer, Z. S., Birken, S. A., Makarov, D. V., Sherman, S. E., Bjurlin, M. A., & Shahawy, O. E. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2021.102088 · Cited by 5
Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy
Assari, S., & Boyce, S. (2021) · Women · doi:10.3390/women1030012 · Cited by 5
Han, D.-H., & Seo, D. (2020) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106716 · Cited by 5
Negative affect and the utilization of tobacco treatment among adult smokers with cancer
Lee, J., Cheong, J., Markham, M. J., Lam, J., Warren, G. W., & Salloum, R. G. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5543 · Cited by 5
“0.(15,22,23) Testing the significance of mediation via negative affect was conducted in Mplus using MODEL INDIRECT command and bootstrapping method.”
MethodFlavor Inconsistencies between Flavored Tobacco Products among US Adults
Schneller, L. M., Li, D.-M., Tavarez, Z. Q., Goniewicz, M., Quisenberry, A. J., Xie, Z.-D., Rahman, I., McIntosh, S., O'Connor, R., & Ossip, D. (2020) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.44.5.6 · Cited by 5
Gueorguieva, R., Buta, E., Simon, P., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & O'Malley, S. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa056 · Cited by 5
Lee, Y.-H., Chang, Y.-C., Arndt, S., Shelley, M., & Liu, C.-T. (2019) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2019.1698518 · Cited by 5
Smith, D. M., Schneller, L. M., O'Connor, R., & Goniewicz, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245055 · Cited by 5
“Using data from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Biomarker Restricted Use Files [17,18], we analyzed levels of nicotine (biomarker: cotinine) and three select tobacco-related toxicants among exclusive e-cigarette users who reported using their product within the last 24 h (n = 211…”
MethodSakuma, K.-L. K., Dolcini, M. M., Seifert, J. R., Bean, M. M., Fagan, P., Wilson, M., Felicitas-Perkins, J. Q., Blanco, L., & Trinidad, D. R. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119876977 · Cited by 5
“, cigarettes, large traditional cigars, little cigars, cigarillos, smokeless nicotine products, hookah, and e-cigarettes/vapes) according to the item convention of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (see Figure 1; PATH study; Hyland et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychological distress and substance use among young adults with comorbid asthma and obesity
Hawkins, M. A. W., Clawson, A. H., Smith, C. E., Stout, M. E., Keirns, N. G., & Ruppe, N. M. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1643353 · Cited by 6
Reciprocal relationships among youth social media use, internalizing symptoms, and substance use.
Zheng, X., Yang, M., Li, R., Li, W.-B., Lis, N., & Lin, H.-C. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.113018 · Cited by 4
Zheng, X., Yang, M., Li, W.-B., & Lin, H.-C. (2025) · Journal of health communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2543168 · Cited by 4
“Additional methodological details of the PATH study were published elsewhere (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Zoschke, I. N., Bennis, S. L., Tang, Y., Wilkerson, J. M., Stull, C. L., Nyitray, A. G., Khariwala, S. S., Nichols, C. M., Rosser, B. R. S., Flash, C. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-05774-0 · Cited by 6
“We adapted our tobacco use items and variables from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study [25].”
Tobacco and E-Product Use by US Adults With Disabilities
Parks, M. J., Marshall, D., Kimmel, H., Kingsbury, J. H., Everard, C., Aboaziza, E., Blanco, C., & Compton, W. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.60471 · Cited by 4
Self-citationEvans‐Polce, R. J., Mongilio, J. M., Kcomt, L., Chen, B., & McCabe, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.01.013 · Cited by 4
Pitts, S. R., Trigger, S., & Kelley, D. E. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311723 · Cited by 4
Sargent, J., Lauten, K., Edwards, K. C., Tanski, S., MacKenzie, T., Paulin, L. M., Brunette, M. F., Goniewicz, M., Malasky, A., Stark, D., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102951 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHalvorson, M. A., Epstein, M., Caouette, J. D., Danzo, S., Satchell, A. K., Oesterle, S., & Kuklinski, M. R. (2024) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-024-01752-0 · Cited by 5
“Our work complements work on ENDS risk from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Flavor & device choices among people who use ENDS: Results from the PATH Study
Bansal-Travers, M., Rivard, C., Delnevo, C., Gross, A., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Merson, B., Xiao, H., Cheng, Y.-C., Creamer, M. R., Kimmel, H., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.09.020 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMcCabe, S. E., Dickinson, K., Engstrom, C. W., Kcomt, L., Veliz, P. T., Boyd, C. J., Parra, L. A., & Evans‐Polce, R. J. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2024.2378837 · Cited by 7
Wade, N. E., Patel, H., & Pelham, W. E. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2352108 · Cited by 4
“…reported their curiosity about trying (4-point scale from not at all curious to very curious ), intent to try (4-point scale from definitely not to definitely yes ), and likelihood of accepting an offer to try substances (4-point scale from definitely not to definitely yes ) (Hyland et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAfolalu, E. F., Salzberger, T., Abetz‐Webb, L., Cano, S., Weitkunat, R., Rose, J. E., & Chrea, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60790-4 · Cited by 5
Li, D.-M., Xie, Z.-D., Shaikh, S., & Rahman, I. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3877316/v1 · Cited by 4
“The PATH study is a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study initiated in September 2013 with 32,320 adults and 13,651 youth (12 years and older) participants [52].”
MethodElectronic cigarette use and chest pain in US adults: Evidence from the PATH study
Behrooz, L., Xie, W.-B., Goghari, A., Robertson, R., Bhatnagar, A., Stokes, A. C., & Hamburg, N. (2024) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/175732 · Cited by 4
“Westat’s Institutional Review Board approved the PATH Study protocol and informed consent was obtained from all participants 15 .”
MethodCook, S., Buszkiewicz, J., Levy, D. T., Meza, R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-023-02649-2 · Cited by 5
“Details on the PATH Study are described elsewhere [18].”
MethodEvans-Polce, R. J., Kcomt, L., Veliz, P., Boyd, C., & McCabe, S. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02600-2 · Cited by 4
“Data for this study are from waves 1 through 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) adolescent and adult surveys (2013–2019) [33].”
Patrick, M. E., Parks, M. J., Carroll, D., & Mitchell, C. M. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109791 · Cited by 4
Elhabashy, M., Wackowski, O., Mercincavage, M., Cruz-Cano, R., Abadi, M. H., Ozga, J. E., Stanton, C., & Chen-Sankey, J. (2022) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107549 · Cited by 4
Holtz, K. D., Simkus, A., Twombly, E. C., Fleming, M., & Wanty, N. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102000 · Cited by 4
Persoskie, A., & O'Brien, E. K. (2022) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101855 · Cited by 4
Osibogun, O. I., Chapman, S. F., Peters, M. J., Bursac, Z., & Maziak, W. (2022) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-022-00678-z · Cited by 5
“Detailed methodology for the PATH has been previously described (Hyland et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodHirschtick, J. L., Mukerjee, R., Mistry, R., Mattingly, D. T., & Fleischer, N. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100412 · Cited by 4
Validity of a Little Cigars/Cigarillos Purchase Task in Dual Users of Cigars and Cigarettes
Mead-Morse, E., Cassidy, R. N., Oncken, C., Tidey, J., Delnevo, C., & Litt, M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107285 · Cited by 4
Smith, C., Cooper, B. R., Miguel, A. Q. C., Roll, J. M., Hill, L., Cleveland, M., & McPherson, S. (2022) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.2007516 · Cited by 4
“For a full description of the design, methodology, and data collection see Hyland et al.35 The present study was determined exempt by the Washington State University Institutional Review Board (IRB).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTobacco Cessation and Referral to the National Quitline
Blocker, J., Lazear, J., & Ridner, S. L. (2020) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079920911551 · Cited by 4
“Tobacco use has been attributed to numerous forms of cancer and chronic diseases, such as vascular disease, heart disease, and lung disease (Hyland et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKing, B. A. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055694 · Cited by 4
Comiford, A. L., Rhoades, D. A., Spicer, P., Dvorak, J., Ding, K., Wagener, T. L., & Doescher, M. P. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055338 · Cited by 6
Weiger, C. V., Alexander, T. N., & Moran, M. B. (2019) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyz036 · Cited by 4
“The PATH is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study on tobacco use in the United States [60].”
BackgroundMarijuana use and subsequent cigarette use among U.S. adolescents: A longitudinal study.
Azagba, S., Latham, K., & Shan, L. (2019) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106194 · Cited by 4
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“At age 12 – 13, youth reported on six items assessing their intent to use substances and curiosity about various substances (i.e., alcohol and marijuana) based on items modified from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (Hyland et al. 2017).”
Associations of Current Cigarette, E-Cigarette, and Cannabis Use with Xerostomia
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“The PATH Study is an ongoing, nationally representative prospective cohort study aiming to evaluate connections between tobacco use and health (Hyland et al. 2017).”
US State Marijuana and Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Laws and Delta-8-THC Use
Satybaldiyeva, N., Yang, K. H., Kepner, W., & Leas, E. C. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.108026 · Cited by 3
Identifying and Understanding Use Trajectories of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes
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“The PATH Study is a large, nationally representative longitudinal study of tobacco use and health among adults and youths in the USA, beginning in 2013 (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Lee, J.-H., Merenda, F., & Weinberger, A. H. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2025.100370 · Cited by 3
“It assesses tobacco use behaviors and related factors, using a multistage, stratified sampling of US civilian, non-institutionalized populations, enabling researchers to calculate US nationally representative estimates (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Drazdowski, T. K., Kelly, L. M., Livingston, N. R., Sheidow, A. J., & McCart, M. R. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2523458 · Cited by 4
“Limitations around the sampling and recruitment methods, nonparticipation, and handling of missing data are discussed in depth in the Public-Use Files User Guide for the PATH Study and by Hyland et al. (2017) and Piesse et al. (2021).”
Contribution of e-cigarette use to renal cadmium burden
Diamond, G. L., & Klotzbach, J. (2025) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A · doi:10.1080/15287394.2025.2518256 · Cited by 3
“Goniewicz et al. (2018) analyzed data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health (PATH) Study 2013–2014 (Hyland et al. 2017).”
Williams, C. M., Mastroleo, N. R., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Zale, E. L. (2025) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2025.02.003 · Cited by 3
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“Further details about the PATH Study are found elsewhere (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Simkus, A., Holtz, K. D., Fleming, M., Twombly, E. C., & Wanty, N. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000101 · Cited by 3
Patel, A., Buszkiewicz, J. H., Cook, S., Arenberg, D., & Fleischer, N. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02930-y · Cited by 3
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Sharma, E., Tang, Z., Lauten, K., Silveira, M. L., Delnevo, C. D., Edwards, K. C., Marshall, D., Gaalema, D. E., Zandberg, I., Graham-Glover, B., et al. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102569 · Cited by 6
“Further details regarding the PATH Study design and methods for the Wave 1 Cohort are published elsewhere (Hyland et al., 2017; Tourangeau et al., 2019; Piesse et al., 2021).”
MethodSelf-citationRezk-Hanna, M., Adolfo, A., Warda, U., Brecht, M., & Benowitz, N. L. (2023) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102417 · Cited by 3
Dunbar, M., Setodji, C., Martino, S. C., Jensen, D., Li, R., Bialas, A., & Shadel, W. (2023) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107784 · Cited by 3
Streck, J. M., Regan, S., Werner, M. H., Glynn, A., Villanti, A., Park, E., Wakeman, S., Evins, A., & Rigotti, N. (2023) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-023-00380-3 · Cited by 3
“Those who endorsed past 30-day cigarette smoking were queried about their number of cigarettes smoked per day in the past 30 days, interest in quitting smoking (on a 1–10 scale with 1 = not at all interested and 10 = extremely interested) [23], and history of a past-year quit attempts (≥ 24 h of nonsmoking with intent…”
BackgroundKasza, K., Tang, Z.-Q., Xiao, H., Marshall, D., Stanton, C., Gross, A., Jackson, K. M., Kelley, D. E., Schroeder, M. J., Vivar, J. C., et al. (2023) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2022-057729 · Cited by 3
Self-citationParental Education and Adolescents’ Asthma: The Role of Ethnicity
Adinkrah, E. K., Najand, B., & Young‐Brinn, A. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10020267 · Cited by 3
“For this study, we conducted a secondary analysis of the baseline of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH-Adolescents) study data [45].”
MethodDobrin, D., Means, A., Cheng, C.-W., Adolfo, A., Anderson, S., Warda, U., Brecht, M., & Rezk-Hanna, M. (2022) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives1020010 · Cited by 3
“4 balanced repeated replication method with Fay’s variant [28].”
MethodWang, Y.-N., Sung, H.-Y., & Max, W. (2022) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2021-057225 · Cited by 3
Oh, H., Cook, S., Siegel, L. N., Liber, A. C., Levy, D., & Fleischer, N. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac258 · Cited by 3
Chen, B., Spells, C. E., Bluestein, M. A., Kuk, A. E., Harrell, M. B., & Pérez, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.882434 · Cited by 5
“nationally representative study of youth (12–17 years old) and adults (18+ years old) that measures the use of tobacco products since 2013 and the design of the study is reported elsewhere (13).”
BackgroundPowers, J. M., Zale, E. L., Deyo, A. G., Rubenstein, D., Terry, E. L., Heckman, B., & Ditre, J. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01419-y · Cited by 3
“Jointly administered by NIDA/NIH, FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products, and Westat, the PATH Study was initiated in 2013 and is an annual, nationally representative cohort study of 45,971 US adults and youth [52].”
MethodExclusive and dual menthol/non-menthol cigarette use with ENDS among adults, 2013–2019
Usidame, B., Hirschtick, J. L., Zavala-Arciniega, L., Mattingly, D. T., Patel, A., Meza, R., Levy, D., & Fleischer, N. (2021) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101566 · Cited by 3
“(Hyland et al., 2017) Our study used the adult (aged ≥ 18 years) sample in PATH Waves 1 (September 2013 to December 2014), 2 (October 2014 to October”
MethodDo, E., Nicksic, N. E., Clifford, J., Hayes, A., & Fuemmeler, B. (2020) · Women & health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1789261 · Cited by 3
Using Social Media to Recruit Youth Who Use Electronic Cigarettes
Garey, L., Japuntich, S. J., Nelson, K. M., & Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J. (2020) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.44.4.10 · Cited by 3
“Eligibility criteria included: (1) providing a correct response to a CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart), (2) being 14 to 24 years of age, (3) engaging in regular e-cigarette use defined as using 6 or more days in the past 30 days,7 (4) having fluency in English, (5) ha…”
BackgroundMethodAgent-based Modeling in Tobacco Regulatory Science: Exploring 'What if' in Waterpipe Smoking
Yang, Y. J., Ward, K. D., Salloum, R. G., & Lindblom, E. N. (2020) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.6.3.1 · Cited by 3
Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm among Natural American Spirit Smokers
Carroll, D., Allenzara, A., Jensen, J. A., Stepanov, I., Hecht, S., Murphy, S., Luo, X.-H., Donny, E. C., & Hatsukami, D. (2019) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.5.4.4 · Cited by 3
Lee, J.-H., Striley, C., Custodero, C., Rocha, H., & Salloum, R. (2019) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.003 · Cited by 3
Peterson, E. B., Portnoy, D. B., Blake, K., Willis, G., Trundle, K., Caporaso, A., Maitland, A., & Kaufman, A. R. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty193 · Cited by 3
“Data were analyzed in accordance with Tourangeau’s four-stage model,13,14 which identify potential issues that can arise in four stages, including (1) comprehending the intent of the item; (2) retrieving relevant information; (3) judging and estimating the answer; and (4) selecting their answer from the given response…”
MethodSelf-citationWei, B., Smith, D. M., Travers, M. J., O’Connor, R. J., Goniewicz, M. L., & Hyland, A. J. (2019) · Advances in molecular toxicology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64293-6.00001-4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPredictors of E-Cigarette Quit Attempts and Cessation in Young Adults
Williams, B. S., Kasza, K., Hyland, A. J., Fiore, M. C., Piasecki, T., & Slutske, W. S. (2026) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2025-075276 · Cited by 2
Self-citationObeng, R., Dada, O., Odame, E., Arora, T. S., & Dada, G. (2026) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958378.2026.2644246 · Cited by 2
“…Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, which incorporated detailed e-cigarette questions starting with its baseline wave in 2013–2014 (Hyland et al. 2017; Rodu and Plurphanswat 2018), and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which added these questions to its core…”
Tobacco and Cannabis Co-Use by Route of Administration in the United States, 2022/2023
Gibson, L. P., Parks, M. J., Kimmel, H. L., Blanco, C., Ciccolo, J., Creamer, M. R., Everard, C., Freedman, N. D., Garcia, M., Kingsbury, J. H., et al. (2026) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108595 · Cited by 2
Self-citationState-Level Flavored E-Cigarette Bans and Initiation Rates Among Youths and Adults
Lin, M.-Y., Abdelfattah, L., Hanchate, A., Sutfin, E., & Denlinger-Apte, R. L. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.51744 · Cited by 2
Responses to e-cigarette nicotine source descriptors: Results from a randomized experiment
Seidenberg, A. B., Azadi, M., Silver, N. A., D'Esterre, A. P., Kaufman, A. R., Mayne, R. G., Roditis, M., Heley, K., & Kreslake, J. M. (2025) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2024-059042 · Cited by 2
Self-citationChen, J.-Y., Messer, K., Pierce, J. P., Strong, D. R., Quach, N., Shi, Y.-Y., McMenamin, S. B., Khin, T. N., Stone, M. D., & Trinidad, D. R. (2025) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2025-059634 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhang, L.-X., Qiu, S., & Zhao, X.-S. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118656 · Cited by 2
McKeganey, N., Patton, A., Grier, D., Sandhu, K., & Barnard, G. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2560668 · Cited by 2
Understanding Associated Factors for IQOS Use Among US Adults: Is the Risk re-Emerging?
Lee, J.-H., & Mattingly, D. T. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2537111 · Cited by 2
“The reliability and validity of the PATH Study are established (Tourangeau et al., 2019), and more details are available else-where (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Martin, C. D., Rivard, C., Kasza, K., Case, A., Hansen, E., Goniewicz, M., O'Connor, R. J., Hyland, A. J., & Smith, D. M. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09617-0 · Cited by 2
“The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of the non-institutionalized U.S. civilian population designed to assess the use of tobacco products and related health behaviors [15].”
Self-citationSMOKES: Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for tobacco control policies
Assari, S., Mohammadi, M., Pashmchi, M., Aghaeimeybodi, F., & Pallera, J. A. (2025) · Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.31586/gjcd.2025.6005 · Cited by 2
“Larger-scale studies such as Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) [42] study, National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) [43-46], Monitoring the Future (MTF) [47,48], and Healthy Mind Survey 49 offer useful points of comparison for these findings.”
Williams, C. M., Mastroleo, N. R., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Zale, E. L. (2025) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2025.2465525 · Cited by 2
“37 Respondents provided informed consent for the full interview and data were collected using in-person interviews or audio-computer-assisted self-interviews in English or Spanish.”
InfluentialLee, S., & Seo, D.-C. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.12.020 · Cited by 2
Evans-Polce, R. J., Kcomt, L., Casey, L., Boyd, C. J., McCabe, S., Veliz, P., Conlin, C., & Parra, L. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117605 · Cited by 2
Lee, J.-H., Kong, G., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Morean, M. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2434011 · Cited by 2
“These tobacco marketing exposure measures were adapted from National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) (CDC, 2020) and the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (Hyland et al., 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hyland, A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Lambert, E., Carusi, C., Taylor, K., Crosse, S., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Abrams, D., Pierce, J. P., Sargent, J., Messer, K., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R., Vallone, D., Hammond, D., Hilmi, N., Kwan, J., Piesse, A., Kalton, G., Lohr, S., Pharris-Ciurej, N., Castleman, V., Green, V. R., Tessman, G., Kaufman, A., Lawrence, C., van Bemmel, D. M., Kimmel, H. L., Blount, B., Yang, L., O'Brien, B., Tworek, C., Alberding, D., Hull, L. C., Cheng, Y.-C., Maklan, D., Backinger, C. L., & Compton, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Westat (United States) (US)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Truth Initiative (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyland, Andrew
- ORCID
- Hyland, Andrew
- Ambrose, Bridget K
- Conway, Kevin P
- Carusi, Charles
- Taylor, Kristie
- Fong, Geoffrey T
- Cummings, K Michael
- Abrams, David
- Pierce, John P
- Sargent, James
- Messer, Karen
- Vallone, Donna
- Hammond, David
- Kwan, Jonathan
- Piesse, Andrea
- Kalton, Graham
- Lohr, Sharon
- Kaufman, Annette
- Lawrence, Charles
- van Bemmel, Dana M
- Kimmel, Heather L
- Yang, Ling
- Cheng, Yu-Ching
- Compton, Wilson M
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2016-08-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 371-378
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- PMC
- PMC5299069
- OpenAlex
- W2518934199
- Cited by
- 872
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 54.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN271201100027 C)
- National Institutes of Health (Contract No. HHSN271201100027C, HHSN271201100027C)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (HHSN271201100027C)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA023100, P30CA023108)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- tobacco use patterns, tobacco initiation, tobacco cessation, relapse, risk perception, biological specimen, biomarkers of tobacco exposure, longitudinal cohort, audio computer-assisted self-interviewing, Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, tobacco regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Public Health, Research Design, Smoking, United States, Young Adult
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