Nutritional ketone salts increase fat oxidation but impair high-intensity exercise performance in healthy adult males
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated the impact of raising plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) through ingestion of ketone salts on substrate oxidation and performance during cycling exercise. Ten healthy adult males (age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass index, 25 ± 3 kg/m 2, peak oxygen uptake, 45 ± 10 mL/(kg·min)−1) were recruited to complete 2 experimental trials. Before enrollment in the experimental conditions, baseline anthropometrics and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) were assessed and familiarization to the study protocol was provided. On experimental days, participants reported to the laboratory in the fasted state and consumed either 0.3 g/kg β-OHB ketone salts or a flavour-matched placebo at 30 min prior to engaging in cycling exercise. Subjects completed steady-state exercise at 30%, 60%, and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) followed by a 150-kJ cycling time-trial. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and total substrate oxidation were derived from indirect calorimetry. Plasma glucose, lactate, and ketones were measured at baseline, 30 min post-supplement, post–steady-state exercise, and immediately following the time-trial. Plasma β-OHB was elevated from baseline and throughout the entire protocol in the ketone condition (p < 0.05). RER was lower at 30% and 60% VT in the ketone compared with control condition. Total fat oxidation was greater in the ketone versus control (p = 0.05). Average time-trial power output was ∼7% lower (–16 W, p = 0.029) in the ketone condition. Ingestion of ketone salts prior to exercise increases fat oxidation during steady-state exercise but impairs high-intensity exercise performance.
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Performance benefits of ketone esters have been repeatedly refuted.
“Performance benefits have, however, been repeatedly refuted [165, 166]; as such, despite the compelling mechanistic basis for ketone esters to facilitate ultra-marathon performance, there is currently no direct evidence to this effect, and further research is needed.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [166]
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- Authors
- O’Malley, T., Myette-Cote, E., Durrer, C., & Little, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus (CA)
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Corresponding author
- Little, Jonathan P.
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1031-1035
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2739936777
- Semantic Scholar
- 3ef8bbbb5f5f98f52513ae2e781a6ee1b86c7720
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- ketone salts, beta-hydroxybutyrate, fat oxidation, high-intensity exercise performance, cycling time trial, substrate oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio, exercise supplementation, plasma ketones, lactate, output power
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Blood Glucose, British Columbia, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Ketones, Male, Muscle Contraction, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Time Factors, Exercise, Up-Regulation, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Lactic Acid, Dietary Supplements, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Lipid Metabolism, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
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