Cited by 249Sports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological ResponsesGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors

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Acute and Chronic Hormonal Responses to Resistance Training Designed to Promote Muscle Hypertrophy

Mccall, Gary E., Byrnes, William C., Fleck, Steven J., Dickinson, Arthur, Kraemer, William J.·1999·Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1139/h99-009

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Abstract

Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training were evaluated in 11 college men who completed 12 weeks (33 sessions) of high volume resistance training. No differences in resting concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I, testosterone, or sex hormone-binding globulin occurred from pre- and posttraining in the trained vs. nontrained control group. However, cortisol (c) decreased 17% for both groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in exercise-induced responses between Sessions 10 and 20, with all hormone concentrations increasing (p < 0.05) from pre- at mid- and post exercise session. However, after correction for plasma volume decreases, only C and GH showed differences, with C increased from mid- to postsession (48% 10th; 49% 20th), and GH increased from pre- at mid- and postsession for both sessions 10 (0.16 +/- 0.42 pre; 4.77 +/- 6.24 mid; 6.26 +/- 5.19 post; microg x L-1) and 20 (0.33 +/- 0.85 pre; 5.42 +/- 9.08 mid; 8.24 +/- 7.61 post; microg x L-1). Significant correlations (p< 0.05) existed only between absolute mean GH increases from presession and the degree of muscle fiber hypertrophy for type I (r = 0.70 mid, 0.74 post) and type II (r = 0.71 post) fibers. In conclusion, resistance training had no effect on resting serum hormone concentrations, whereas similar acute exercise responses occurred between the 10th and 20th training sessions.

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BackgroundResultInfluential
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BackgroundResult
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“…an overall decrease in levels of total IGF-1 in response to exercise (12, 13, 24), although other studies either found no significant change (5, 17-20, 25), or Eliakim et al. first put forth the hypothesis of a biphasic response pattern for circulating IGF-1 (24), which is partly supported by…”
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BackgroundInfluential
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“However, other studies have not observed perturbations to basal GH after sprint [34, 82, 83] or resistance [83] training performed alone.”
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“Although the actual effects of circulating GH on muscular adaptation are poorly understood, McCall et al. (1999) and Hakkinen et al. (2001) have reported that acute changes in GH are positively correlated with the muscle fiber cross sectional area and muscular strength after a prolonged training.”
Background
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“Furthermore, in comparison with the conventional muscular hypertrophy resistance exercise protocols reported so far, this value of increase was the same or slightly greater (Kraemer et al. 1990; McCall et al. 1999; Smilios et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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de Souza, T. P., Willardson, J. M., Bloomer, R. J., Leite, R. D., Fleck, S. J., de Oliveira, P. R., & Junior, R. F. S. (2011) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-17 · Cited by 21
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“RT stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis, thus increasing muscle size (14).”
Background
Effects of Low-Load, High-Repetition Resistance Training on Maximum Muscle Strength and Muscle Damage in Elite Weightlifters: A Preliminary Study
Yeom, D.-C., Hwang, D.-J., Lee, W.-B., Cho, J., & Koo, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242317079 · Cited by 23
“Considering that changes in resting hormone levels following RT may not be detectable for up to 24 weeks [21,25], RT-mediated alterations in circulating hormones remain a controversial measurement.”
Background
Young elite athletes of different sport disciplines present with an increase in pulsatile secretion of growth hormone compared with non-elite athletes and sedentary subjects
Ubertini, G., Grossi, A., Colabianchi, D., Fiori, R., Brufani, C., Bizzarri, C., Giannone, G., Rigamonti, A. E., Sartório, A., Müller, E. E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03345580 · Cited by 17
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“Also, it was reported that the acute response of GH correlates well with changes in muscle size and strength (McCall et al. 1999; Wideman et al. 2002).”
Background
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Every, D. W. V., Lees, M. J., Wilson, B., Nippard, J., & Phillips, S. M. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101104 · Cited by 23
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Rest Redistribution Does Not Alter Hormone Responses in Resistance-Trained Women
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“sultant physiological adaptations after training (27).”
Background
Hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses to blood flow‐restricted exercise
Hjortshoej, M. H., Aagaard, P., Storgaard, C. D., Juneja, H., Lundbye‐Jensen, J., Magnusson, S. P., & Couppé, C. (2023) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.14030 · Cited by 13
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“The GH response is considered to be an important factor for muscle hypertrophy, because acute GH response correlated with the magnitude of muscle fiber hypertrophy (13).”
Background
Plasma microRNA-320a as a Potential Biomarker of Physiological Changes during Training in Professional Volleyball Players
Podgórski, R., Cieśla, M., Podgórska, D., Bajorek, W., Płonka, A., Czarny, W., Trybulski, R., & Król, P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010263 · Cited by 15
Periodization of Training
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IMPROVING MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SIZE: THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING VOLUME, INTENSITY, AND STATUS
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“No effects were observed for basal GH which is consistent with previous research (32).”
Result
Effects of a Heart Rate–Based Recovery Period on Hormonal, Neuromuscular, and Aerobic Performance Responses During 7 Weeks of Strength Training in Men
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“However, some studies have shown no elevation in resting TES levels during strength training (15,29), possibly because of uptake by androgen receptors (26).”
Background
High Intensity Training Increases Muscle Area Occupied by Type II Muscle Fibers of the Multifidus Muscle in Persons with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Trial
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“No change in resting IGF-1 serum levels have been reported in short term training programs [54,55].”
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“Furthermore, as GH is an anabolic hormone its elevation during RT coupled with appropriate mechanical strain may be important for the process of muscular hypertrophy [51,52].”
Background
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Sabouri, M., Taghibeikzadehbadr, P., Shabkhiz, F., Izanloo, Z., & Shaghaghi, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1007/s10974-021-09613-x · Cited by 12
“In comparison, skeletal muscle protein synthesis is mostly related to the myosin contractile protein (McCall et al. 1999).”
Background
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Arazi, H., Damirchi, A., Faraji, H., & Rahimi, R. (2012) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-012-0131-8 · Cited by 8
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“to resistance exercise due to long-term strength training in adult men [24,25,26,27].”
Background
Effects of Acute Loading Induced Fatigability, Acute Serum Hormone Responses and Training Volume to Individual Hypertrophy and Maximal Strength during 10 Weeks of Strength Training
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“…of the magnitude of GH or TES responses with either strength improvement [Häkkinen et al. (2001); Hansen et al. (2001)] or muscle fiber hypertrophy [McCall et al. (1999)], greater training effects can be expected if secretion of these hormones is separately stimulated after a "strength-type"…”
Background
Growth, Maturation and Hormonal Changes During Puberty: Influence of Sport Training
Roemmich, J. N. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470757826.ch34 · Cited by 8
Strength and Muscle Mass Development after a Resistance-Training Period at Terrestrial and Normobaric Intermittent Hypoxia
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Result
The Effect of Fluid Periodization on Athletic Performance Outcomes in American Football Players
Morris, C. W. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 6
muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with
Holwerda, A. M., Baker, S. K., Phillips, S. M., West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Atherton, P. J., Stout, J. R., Beyer, K. S., et al. (2011) · Cited by 6
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Authors: Mccall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Fleck, S. J., Dickinson, A., & Kraemer, W. J.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Fleck, Steven J.
Kraemer, William J.
Venue: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 1999-02-01
Volume: 24
Issue: 1
Pages: 96-107
ISSN: 1066-7814 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1139/h99-009
OpenAlex: W2094212126
Cited by: 249
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Keywords: resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, growth hormone, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor I, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, muscle fiber type
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Physical Education and Training, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Human Growth Hormone

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Acute and Chronic Hormonal Responses to Resistance Training Designed to Promote Muscle Hypertrophy

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