Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans

Phillips, S. M.; Tipton, K. D.; Aarsland, A.; Wolf, S. E.; Wolfe, R. R.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99

Cited by 1,132Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans

Phillips, S. M., Tipton, K. D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S. E., Wolfe, R. R.·1997·American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) were examined after an isolated bout of either concentric or eccentric resistance exercise. Subjects were eight untrained volunteers (4 males, 4 females). Mixed muscle protein FSR and FBR were determined using primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and 15N-phenylalanine, respectively. Subjects were studied in the fasted state on four occasions: at rest and 3, 24, and 48 h after a resistance exercise bout. Exercise was eight sets of eight concentric or eccentric repetitions at 80% of each subject's concentric 1 repetition maximum. There was no significant difference between contraction types for either FSR, FBR, or net balance (FSR minus FBR). Exercise resulted in significant increases above rest in muscle FSR at all times: 3 h = 112%, 24 h = 65%, 48 h = 34% (P < 0.01). Muscle FBR was also increased by exercise at 3 h (31%; P < 0.05) and 24 h (18%; P < 0.05) postexercise but returned to resting levels by 48 h. Muscle net balance was significantly increased after exercise at all time points [(in %/h) rest = -0.0573 +/- 0.003 (SE), 3 h = -0.0298 +/- 0.003, 24 h = -0.0413 +/- 0.004, and 48 h = -0.0440 +/- 0.005], and was significantly different from zero at all time points (P < 0.05). There was also a significant correlation between FSR and FBR (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). We conclude that exercise resulted in an increase in muscle net protein balance that persisted for up to 48 h after the exercise bout and was unrelated to the type of muscle contraction performed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

During the post-prandial phase (1-4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.
“During the post-prandial phase (1–4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.
“The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
The major contributing factor to the MPS response to a protein-containing meal is the EAA content.
“the major contributing factor to this response is the EAA content”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
MPS increases approximately 30-100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance.
“MPS increases approximately 30–100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
In a fasted state, MPS rates are lower and muscle protein balance is negative.
“In contrast, MPS rates are lower in a fasted state and muscle protein balance is negative.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [98]

Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans
Biolo, G., Maggi, S. P., Williams, B. D., Tipton, K. D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.3.e514 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Time Course for Elevated Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Heavy Resistance Exercise
MacDougall, J. D., Gibala, M. J., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, J. R., Interisano, S. A., & Yarasheski, K. E. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h95-038 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults
(2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181915670 · Cited by 4,332 · see citing works
Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012 · Cited by 2,084 · see citing works
Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones
Campos, G., Luecke, T., Wendeln, H., Toma, K., Hagerman, F., Murray, T., Ragg, K., Ratamess, N., Kraemer, W., & Staron, R. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0681-6 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men
Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Kujbida, G. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men
Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Self-citation
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
“Several studies, but not all, [148] have indicated that EAAs alone stimulate protein synthesis in the same magnitude as a whole protein with the same EAA content [98].”
Background
Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis
Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
The Molecular Bases of Training Adaptation
Coffey, V. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737090-00001 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Age‐related differences in the dose–response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men
Kumar, V., Selby, A., Rankin, D., Patel, R., Atherton, P., Hildebrandt, W., Williams, J., Smith, K., Seynnes, O., Hiscock, N., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164483 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise
Campbell, B., Kreider, R. B., Ziegenfuss, T., La Bounty, P., Roberts, M., Burke, D., Landis, J., Lopez, H., & Antonio, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-8 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle
Wilkinson, S. B., Phillips, S. M., Atherton, P. J., Patel, R., Yarasheski, K. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Rennie, M. J. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153916 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Self-citation
Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids
Tipton, K. D., Ferrando, A. A., Phillips, S. M., Doyle, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e628 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Self-citation
The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans
Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J., & Thome??, R. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing
Breen, L., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-68 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle
Dreyer, H. C., Fujita, S., Cadenas, J. G., Chinkes, D. L., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113175 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Protein Supplementation Increases Muscle Mass Gain During Prolonged Resistance-Type Exercise Training in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tieland, M., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Verdijk, L. B., van de Rest, O., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.020 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans
Esmarck, B., Andersen, J. L., Olsen, S., Richter, E. A., Mizuno, M., & Kjær, M. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Effects of Nutritional Prehabilitation, With and Without Exercise, on Outcomes of Patients Who Undergo Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gillis, C., Buhler, K., Bresee, L., Carli, F., Gramlich, L., Culos-Reed, N., Sajobi, T. T., & Fenton, T. R. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.012 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage
Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, M. J., MacDonald, J. R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Self-citation
Low-Load High Volume Resistance Exercise Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis More Than High-Load Low Volume Resistance Exercise in Young Men
Burd, N. A., West, D. W. D., Staples, A. W., Atherton, P. J., Baker, J. M., Moore, D. R., Holwerda, A. M., Parise, G., Rennie, M. J., Baker, S. K., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012033 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citation
Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise
Tipton, K. D., Rasmussen, B. B., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., Owens-Stovall, S. K., Petrini, B. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.e197 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Self-citation
An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise
Rasmussen, B. B., Tipton, K. D., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.386 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters
Hartman, J. W., Tang, J. E., Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Lawrence, R. L., Fullerton, A. V., & Phillips, S. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.373 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-citation
Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis
Areta, J. L., Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Camera, D. M., West, D. W. D., Broad, E. M., Jeacocke, N. A., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., Phillips, S. M., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest
English, K. L., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa66 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise Intensity, Duration and Mode on Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
B??rsheim, E., & Bahr, R. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333140-00002 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle
Dreyer, H. C., Drummond, M. J., Pennings, B., Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Chinkes, D. L., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00582.2007 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations
Toigo, M., & Boutellier, U. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0238-1 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citation
Branched-Chain Amino Acids Activate Key Enzymes in Protein Synthesis after Physical Exercise
Blomstrand, E., Eliasson, J., Karlsson, H. K., & Köhnke, R. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.269s · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Control of the size of the human muscle mass
Rennie, M. J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E. E., & Booth, F. W. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: Implications for age-related sarcopenia
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.07.003 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences
Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Self-citation
Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism
Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91551.2008 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Resistance training-induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage
Damas, F., Phillips, S. M., Libardi, C. A., Vechin, F. C., Lixandrão, M. E., Jannig, P. R., Costa, L. A. R., Bacurau, A. V., Snijders, T., Parise, G., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272472 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise
Wackerhage, H., Schoenfeld, B. J., Hamilton, D. L., Lehti, M., & Hulmi, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00685.2018 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Aging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mtorc1 signaling and protein synthesis
Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Glynn, E. L., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Timmerman, K. L., Walker, D. K., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2011) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-11 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: Molecular bases and the role of individual training variables
Fyfe, J. J., Bishop, D. J., & Stepto, N. K. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0162-1 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Enhanced Amino Acid Sensitivity of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Persists for up to 24 h after Resistance Exercise in Young Men1–3
Burd, N. A., West, D. W. D., Moore, D. R., Atherton, P. J., Staples, A. W., Prior, T., Tang, J. E., Rennie, M. J., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.135038 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling
Drummond, M. J., Dreyer, H. C., Fry, C. S., Glynn, E. L., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91397.2008 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports
Phillips, S. M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.009 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of high‐protein diets on fat‐free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: a randomized controlled trial
Pasiakos, S. M., Cao, J. J., Margolis, L. M., Sauter, E. R., Whigham, L. D., McClung, J. P., Rood, J. C., Carbone, J. W., Combs, G. F., & Young, A. J. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-230227 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Effect of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on postexercise muscle protein synthesis
Trappe, T. A., White, F., Lambert, C. P., Cesar, D., Hellerstein, M., & Evans, W. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00352.2001 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors
West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Staples, A. W., Holwerda, A. M., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01147.2009 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resistance exercise‐induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men
West, D. W. D., Kujbida, G. W., Moore, D. R., Atherton, P., Burd, N. A., Padzik, J. P., De Lisio, M., Tang, J. E., Parise, G., Rennie, M. J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.177220 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citation
Independent and Combined Effects of Amino Acids and Glucose after Resistance Exercise
MILLER, S. L., TIPTON, K. D., CHINKES, D. L., WOLF, S. E., & WOLFE, R. R. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000053910.63105.45 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults
Hunter, G. R., Wetzstein, C. J., Fields, D. A., Brown, A., & Bamman, M. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.977 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Branched-chain amino acids increase p70S6k phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise
Karlsson, H. K. R., Nilsson, P.-A., Nilsson, J., Chibalin, A. V., Zierath, J. R., & Blomstrand, E. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00430.2003 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
A Brief Review of Critical Processes in Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy
Phillips, S. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citation
Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions
Moore, D. R., Phillips, S. M., Babraj, J. A., Smith, K., & Rennie, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00387.2004 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protein and amino acids for athletes
Tipton, K. D., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140554 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent Perspectives Regarding the Role of Dietary Protein for the Promotion of Muscle Hypertrophy with Resistance Exercise Training
Stokes, T., Hector, A., Morton, R., McGlory, C., & Phillips, S. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020180 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
Satellite cell numbers in young and older men 24 hours after eccentric exercise
Dreyer, H. C., Blanco, C. E., Sattler, F. R., Schroeder, E. T., & Wiswell, R. A. (2006) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20461 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men
Verdijk, L. B., Jonkers, R. A., Gleeson, B. G., Beelen, M., Meijer, K., Savelberg, H. H., Wodzig, W. K., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: The role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis
Damas, F., Libardi, C. A., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Adaptations in the activation of human skeletal muscle induced by short-term isometric resistance training
Del Balso, C., & Cafarelli, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00477.2006 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy
Mccall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Fleck, S. J., Dickinson, A., & Kraemer, W. J. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h99-009 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass correlates with p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in human subjects
Terzis, G., Georgiadis, G., Stratakos, G., Vogiatzis, I., Kavouras, S., Manta, P., Mascher, H., & Blomstrand, E. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0564-y · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Protein requirements for endurance athletes
Tarnopolsky, M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.008 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Morton, R. W., McGlory, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00245 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citation
Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise
ELLIOT, T. A., CREE, M. G., SANFORD, A. P., WOLFE, R. R., & TIPTON, K. D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000210190.64458.25 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nutritional Strategies to Promote Postexercise Recovery
Beelen, M., Burke, L. M., Gibala, M. J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers
Tipton, K. (1999) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00087-4 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength
Willoughby, D. S., Stout, J. R., & Wilborn, C. D. (2007) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0398-7 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength
Andersen, L. L., Tufekovic, G., Zebis, M. K., Crameri, R. M., Verlaan, G., Kjær, M., Suetta, C., Magnusson, P., & Aagaard, P. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.07.012 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Reduced resting skeletal muscle protein synthesis is rescued by resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit
Areta, J. L., Burke, L. M., Camera, D. M., West, D. W. D., Crawshay, S., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., Phillips, S. M., Hawley, J. A., & Coffey, V. G. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery
RES, P. T., GROEN, B., PENNINGS, B., BEELEN, M., WALLIS, G. A., GIJSEN, A. P., SENDEN, J. M. G., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc363 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Influence of concurrent exercise or nutrition countermeasures on thigh and calf muscle size and function during 60 days of bed rest in women
Trappe, T. A., Burd, N. A., Louis, E. S., Lee, G. A., & Trappe, S. W. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01728.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions
Roberts, M. D., McCarthy, J. J., Hornberger, T. A., Phillips, S. M., Mackey, A. L., Nader, G. A., Boppart, M. D., Kavazis, A. N., Reidy, P. T., Ogasawara, R., et al. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2022 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citation
Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans
Mayhew, D. L., Kim, J.-S., Cross, J. M., Ferrando, A. A., & Bamman, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Acute Post-Exercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Not Correlated with Resistance Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Men
Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Parise, G., Bellamy, L., Baker, S. K., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089431 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citation
Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272857 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health
Jeromson, S., Gallagher, I., Galloway, S., & Hamilton, D. (2015) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md13116977 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Molecular responses to strength and endurance training: Are they incompatible?This paper article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Hawley, J. A. (2009) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h09-023 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A validation of the application of D2O stable isotope tracer techniques for monitoring day-to-day changes in muscle protein subfraction synthesis in humans
Wilkinson, D. J., Franchi, M. V., Brook, M. S., Narici, M. V., Williams, J. P., Mitchell, W. K., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00650.2013 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Nutritional modulation of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations
Hawley, J. A., Burke, L. M., Phillips, S. M., & Spriet, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00949.2010 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes
Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002516 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation
Postexercise protein metabolism in older and younger men following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise
Sheffield-Moore, M., Yeckel, C. W., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Morio, B., Chinkes, D. L., Paddon-Jones, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00334.2003 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling
Damas, F., Phillips, S. M., Lixandrão, M. E., Vechin, F. C., Libardi, C. A., Roschel, H., Tricoli, V., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion
Tipton, K. D., Borsheim, E., Wolf, S. E., Sanford, A. P., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2002 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
Whey and casein labeled with<scp>l</scp>-[1-13C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion
Reitelseder, S., Agergaard, J., Doessing, S., Helmark, I. C., Lund, P., Kristensen, N. B., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., Schjerling, P., van Hall, G., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: strategies to enhance anabolism
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-40 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citation
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Can Ameliorate Soreness from Eccentric Exercise
JACKMAN, S. R., WITARD, O. C., JEUKENDRUP, A. E., & TIPTON, K. D. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c1b798 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of Whey and Soy Protein Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training in Young Adults
Candow, D. G., Burke, N. C., Smith-Palmer, T., & Burke, D. G. (2006) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.233 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Effects of Protein Supplements on Muscle Damage, Soreness and Recovery of Muscle Function and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review
Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & McLellan, T. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0137-7 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Muscle Mass and Strength Gains during Prolonged Resistance-Type Exercise Training in Healthy Young MenNitrogen1–3
Snijders, T., Res, P. T., Smeets, J. S., van Vliet, S., van Kranenburg, J., Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.208371 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Acute energy deprivation affects skeletal muscle protein synthesis and associated intracellular signaling proteins in physically active adults
Pasiakos, S. M., Vislocky, L. M., Carbone, J. W., Altieri, N., Konopelski, K., Freake, H. C., Anderson, J. M., Ferrando, A. A., Wolfe, R. R., & Rodriguez, N. R. (2010) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.118372 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Review Article: Exercise, Aging, and Muscle Protein Metabolism
Yarasheski, K. E. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.10.m918 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Fasted‐state skeletal muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise is altered with training
Kim, P. L., Staron, R. S., & Phillips, S. M. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093708 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citation
The anabolic response to plant-based protein ingestion
Pinckaers, P. J. M., Trommelen, J., Snijders, T., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01540-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Autophagy and Protein Breakdown Following Resistance Exercise are Similar in Younger and Older Adults
Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Glynn, E. L., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Timmerman, K. L., Walker, D. K., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls209 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Anabolic signaling and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle after dynamic shortening or lengthening exercise
Cuthbertson, D. J., Babraj, J., Smith, K., Wilkes, E., Fedele, M. J., Esser, K., & Rennie, M. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00415.2005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Does Not Augment Exercise-Induced Protein Accretion versus Protein Alone
STAPLES, A. W., BURD, N. A., WEST, D. W. D., CURRIE, K. D., ATHERTON, P. J., MOORE, D. R., RENNIE, M. J., MACDONALD, M. J., BAKER, S. K., & PHILLIPS, S. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820751cb · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial
Kukuljan, S., Nowson, C. A., Sanders, K., & Daly, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.2009 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Assessing the role of muscle protein breakdown in response to nutrition and exercise in humans.
Tipton, K. D., Hamilton, D. L., & Gallagher, I. J. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0845-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pea proteins oral supplementation promotes muscle thickness gains during resistance training: a double-blind, randomized, Placebo-controlled clinical trial vs. Whey protein
Babault, N., Païzis, C., Deley, G., Guérin-Deremaux, L., Saniez, M.-H., Lefranc-Millot, C., & Allaert, F. A. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0064-5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Sex-based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state
West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Camera, D. M., Mitchell, C. J., Baker, S. K., Hawley, J. A., Coffey, V. G., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nutritional Supplements in Support of Resistance Exercise to Counter Age-Related Sarcopenia
Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.008367 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Activation of mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle following blood flow restriction exercise is inhibited by rapamycin
Gundermann, D. M., Walker, D. K., Reidy, P. T., Borack, M. S., Dickinson, J. M., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The influence of carbohydrate–protein co‐ingestion following endurance exercise on myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis
Breen, L., Philp, A., Witard, O. C., Jackman, S. R., Selby, A., Smith, K., Baar, K., & Tipton, K. D. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211888 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Phillips, S. M., Tipton, K. D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R.
Affiliations: Shriners Hospitals for Children - Galveston (US)
ORCID: Phillips, S. M.
Tipton, K. D.
Wolf, S. E.
Wolfe, R. R.
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1997-07-01
Volume: 273
Issue: 1
Pages: E99-E107
ISSN: 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
1522-1555
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99
OpenAlex: W1952358281
Cited by: 1,132
References: 2
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 3.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (M01-0073, 38010)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein degradation, resistance training, eccentric contraction, concentric contraction, net protein balance, post-exercise recovery
MeSH terms: Adult, Biopsy, Creatine Kinase, Creatinine, Deuterium, Female, Humans, Male, Methylhistidines, Muscle Proteins, Nitrogen Isotopes, Phenylalanine, Rest, Time Factors, Urea, Biomarkers, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Record

About these checks