Cited by 249Sports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological ResponsesGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors

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Acute and Chronic Hormonal Responses to Resistance Training Designed to Promote Muscle Hypertrophy

Mccall, Gary E., Byrnes, William C., Fleck, Steven J., Dickinson, Arthur, Kraemer, William J.·1999·Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1139/h99-009

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Abstract

Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training were evaluated in 11 college men who completed 12 weeks (33 sessions) of high volume resistance training. No differences in resting concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I, testosterone, or sex hormone-binding globulin occurred from pre- and posttraining in the trained vs. nontrained control group. However, cortisol (c) decreased 17% for both groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in exercise-induced responses between Sessions 10 and 20, with all hormone concentrations increasing (p < 0.05) from pre- at mid- and post exercise session. However, after correction for plasma volume decreases, only C and GH showed differences, with C increased from mid- to postsession (48% 10th; 49% 20th), and GH increased from pre- at mid- and postsession for both sessions 10 (0.16 +/- 0.42 pre; 4.77 +/- 6.24 mid; 6.26 +/- 5.19 post; microg x L-1) and 20 (0.33 +/- 0.85 pre; 5.42 +/- 9.08 mid; 8.24 +/- 7.61 post; microg x L-1). Significant correlations (p< 0.05) existed only between absolute mean GH increases from presession and the degree of muscle fiber hypertrophy for type I (r = 0.70 mid, 0.74 post) and type II (r = 0.71 post) fibers. In conclusion, resistance training had no effect on resting serum hormone concentrations, whereas similar acute exercise responses occurred between the 10th and 20th training sessions.

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BackgroundResult
Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation
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Background
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Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in strength athletes versus nonathletes
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BackgroundSelf-citation
Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling and Endocrine Response Following Resistance Exercise: Implications for Muscle Hypertrophy
Gonzalez, A. M., Hoffman, J. R., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., & Willoughby, D. S. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0450-4 · Cited by 97
“[115, 116]; therefore, there has been considerable speculation about the role of the post-exercise endocrine response in mediating increases in muscle size [117].”
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Effects of rest duration between sets of resistance training on acute hormonal responses in trained women
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The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise
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Low skeletal muscle capillarization limits muscle adaptation to resistance exercise training in older adults
Moro, T., Brightwell, C. R., Phalen, D. E., McKenna, C. F., Lane, S. J., Porter, C., Volpi, E., Rasmussen, B. B., & Fry, C. S. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110723 · Cited by 85
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Neuromuscular Fatigue after Resistance Training
Izquierdo, M., Ibañez, J., Calbet, J. A. L., González‐Izal, M., Navarro-Amézqueta, I., Granados, C., Malanda, A., Idoate, F., González‐Badillo, J. J., Häkkinen, K., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1214379 · Cited by 79
“in maximal strength has not been reported [18, 25, 28 ] . Despite the dynamic nature of most motor tasks in athletic and voluntary physical activities, many studies have frequently used isometric rather than dynamic fatiguing tasks to examine muscle fatigue, thus hindering any assessment of the eff ects of fatigue on…”
BackgroundResult
Effects of a 9-month strength training intervention on insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 in 30-50-year-old women.
Schmitz, K. H., Ahmed, R. L., & Yee, D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions on muscle hypertrophy and strength
Kurobe, K., Huang, Z., Nishiwaki, M., Yamamoto, M., Kanehisa, H., & Ogita, F. (2014) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12147 · Cited by 85
Effects of Different Intensities of Resistance Exercise on Regulators of Myogenesis
Wilborn, C., Taylor, L. W., Greenwood, M. P., Kreider, R. B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bab493 · Cited by 76
“Relative to the increases in protein synthesis associated with hypertrophy, skeletal muscle is largely attributed to the synthesis of the contractile protein myosin (24), with the MHC isoforms comprising approximately 25% of the total muscle protein, thereby making MHC a significant indicator of functional diversity o…”
Background
Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: A reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828ddd53 · Cited by 74
“(50) studied the hypertrophic response of 11 college-aged men with recreational resistance training experience to 12 weeks of high-volume resistance training.”
Background
The Acute Hormonal Response to Free Weight and Machine Weight Resistance Exercise
Shaner, A. A., Vingren, J. L., Hatfield, D. L., Budnar, R. G., Duplanty, A. A., & Hill, D. W. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000317 · Cited by 67
“Total volume (work) influences the acute GH response to resistance exercise, and high volume protocols that use a large muscle mass are effective for acutely increasing circulating GH concentrations (10,20,22,24,30).”
Background
The Effect of Inter-Set Rest Intervals on Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
Henselmans, M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0228-0 · Cited by 66
“[32] found a strong association between acute growth hormone response and the degree of muscle fiber 1638 M.”
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Resistance training variables for optimization of muscle hypertrophy: an umbrella review.
Bernárdez-Vázquez, R., Raya-González, J., Castillo, D., & Beato, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.949021 · Cited by 67
“This variable has received a great deal of attention with respect to enhancing muscle hypertrophy (Schoenfeld and Grgic, 2017), since it has been traditionally assumed that prescribing high-volume during resistance training programs will produce greater gains in muscle mass (McCall et al., 1999).”
Background
The Use of Specialized Training Techniques to Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2011) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182221ec2 · Cited by 63
“However, studies indicate that an exercise-induced increase in GH is in fact highly correlated with the magnitude of both type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophies and strength-related muscular adaptations (26,49).”
Background
Endocrine responses to upper- and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction
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“Although a muscle-hypertrophy promoting effect of GH is controversial (28), it has been reported that acute changes in serum concentration of GH after a single exercise session are positively correlated with the extent of muscle hypertrophy after a period of exercise training (21).”
Prior endurance exercise attenuates growth hormone response to subsequent resistance exercise
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“Although the role of circulating anabolic hormones in muscle growth remains unclear, it is probable that combinations of GH and mechanical loading activate anabolic processes in skeletal muscle (McCall et al. 1999).”
Effects of 28 days of resistance exercise and consuming a commercially available pre-workout supplement, NO-Shotgun ® , on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of satellite cell activation, and clinical safety markers in males
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Background
Body composition, fitness level, anabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial
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Variable resistance training promotes greater fatigue resistance but not hypertrophy versus constant resistance training
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“…insight into the effectiveness of the resistance loading protocol to induce adaptation, as positive relationships have been observed between training-induced muscle hypertrophy and acute hormone (McCall et al. 1999) and intramuscular signalling (Baar and Esser 1999; Terzis et al. 2008) response.”
Background
Effects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy
Fink, J. E., Kikuchi, N., & Nakazato, K. (2016) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12409 · Cited by 54
“Furthermore, another study showed significant strong correlations between mean absolute acute GH increases and fibre type I (r = 0 74) and II (r = 0 71), while T and IGF-1 increases did not correlate with muscle fibre changes (McCall et al., 1999).”
Background
Resistance training increases SHBG in overweight/obese, young men
Roberts, C. K., Croymans, D. M., Aziz, N., Butch, A. W., & Lee, C. C. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.12.004 · Cited by 50
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Exercise-Induced Hormone Elevations Are Related to Muscle Growth
Mangine, G. T., Hoffman, J. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., Jajtner, A. R., Beyer, K. S., Boone, C. H., Wang, R., Miramonti, A. A., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001491 · Cited by 50
“In each of these studies (1,23,35,40), data were collected or analyzed using procedures (e.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effects of Five-Week Resistance Training in Hypoxia on Hormones and Muscle Strength
Yan, B., Lai, X., Yi, L., Wang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001056 · Cited by 49
“(26) showed that resistance exercise–induced GH secretion was correlated with the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy.”
Background
Acute testosterone and cortisol responses to high power resistance exercise
Fry, A. C., & Lohnes, C. A. (2010) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119710040110 · Cited by 48
Resistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic Females: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners
Knowles, O. E., Aisbett, B., Main, L. C., Drinkwater, E. J., Orellana, L., & Lamon, S. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7 · Cited by 48
Three and six grams supplementation of d-aspartic acid in resistance trained men
Melville, G. W., Siegler, J. C., & Marshall, P. W. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0078-7 · Cited by 43
“Resistance trained men have higher levels of strength and hypertrophy compared to novice trainers and also exhibit higher basal testosterone levels [4,13-17], which suggest a link between basal total testosterone levels and training related gains.”
Background
Chronic resistance training in women potentiates growth hormone in vivo bioactivity: characterization of molecular mass variants
Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Marx, J. O., Gotshalk, L. A., Bush, J. A., Welsch, J. R., Volek, J. S., Spiering, B. A., Maresh, C. M., Mastro, A. M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00042.2006 · Cited by 44
“Previous investigations have shown no difference in resting GH concentrations in responses to chronic (8–24 wk) resistance exercise in healthy young men and women (3, 19, 20, 22, 30).”
BackgroundResult
Endocrine Responses and Adaptations to Strength and Power Training
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch19 · Cited by 44
Different responses of selected hormones to three types of exercise in young men
Stokes, K., Gilbert, K. L., Hall, G., Andrews, R. C., & Thompson, D. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2487-5 · Cited by 44
Endocrine Response Patterns to Acute Unilateral and Bilateral Resistance Exercise in Men
Migiano, M. J., Vingren, J. L., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J., Thomas, G. A., Hatfield, D. L., Häkkinen, K., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a92dc5 · Cited by 43
“Circulating iGH concentrations are related to volume of work and the amount of muscle mass used during exercise (7,12,14,18,20,27).”
Background
Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free Acid Supplementation on Strength, Power and Hormonal Adaptations Following Resistance Training
Asadi, A., Arazi, H., & Suzuki, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121316 · Cited by 42
“On the other hand, elevated resting GH, IGF-1 and TEST concentrations have been reported in some studies [4,7,31], whereas several studies have shown no differences [32,33] or reductions [34].”
BackgroundResult
Protein Ingestion Prior to Strength Exercise Affects Blood Hormones and Metabolism
Hulmi, J. J., Volek, J. S., Selänne, H., & Mero, A. A. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000175912.64126.f9 · Cited by 41
Neuromuscular and Hormonal Responses to Constant and Variable Resistance Loadings
Walker, S., Taipale, R. S., Nyman, K., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e71bcb · Cited by 41
Can changes in resistance exercise workload influence internal load, countermovement jump performance and the endocrine response?
Hiscock, D. J., DAWSON, B. T., Clarke, M. W., & Peeling, P. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1290270 · Cited by 41
“…acute increases in testosterone were observed following HYP in previous literature (Kraemer et al., 1990; Kraemer & Ratamess, 2005; Linnamo et al., 2005; McCall et al., 1999), which may reflect the greater volume load/time and lower rest duration typically allowed between sets in HYP exercise.”
Background
Acute elevations in serum hormones are attenuated after chronic training with traditional isoinertial but not accentuated eccentric loads in strength-trained men
Walker, S., Häkkinen, K., Haff, G. G., Blazevich, A. J., & Newton, R. U. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13241 · Cited by 41
“2015), and (3) unchanged or occasionally enhanced in the case of 22 kDa growth hormone (GH) (McCall et al. 1999; Izquierdo et al. 2009; Walker et al. 2015).”
Background
Alteração da relação testosterona: cortisol induzida pelo treinamento de força em mulheres
Uchida, M. C., Bacurau, R. F. P., Navarro, F., Pontes, F. L., Tessutti, V. D., Moreau, R. L. D. M., Rosa, L. F. B. P. C., & Aoki, M. S. (2004) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922004000300005 · Cited by 43
“The testosterone concentration in many other studies also remained unchanged(20,21).”
Background
Acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Dote‐Montero, M., Carneiro‐Barrera, A., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Ruiz, J. R., & Amaro‐Gahete, F. J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13999 · Cited by 43
Resistance training‐induced adaptations in the neuromuscular system: Physiological mechanisms and implications for human performance
Lecce, E., Amoruso, P., Felici, F., & Bazzucchi, I. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp289716 · Cited by 56
Combining Normobaric Hypoxia With Short-term Resistance Training Has No Additive Beneficial Effect on Muscular Performance and Body Composition
Ho, J., Kuo, T.-Y., Liu, K., Dong, X.-Y., & Tung, K. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000289 · Cited by 39
“, above 65% of 1RM) may be required to increase muscular strength and induce greater anabolic hormonal responses that are highly correlated to the degree of muscle hypertrophy (16).”
Background
Hormones, Hypertrophy, and Hype: An Evidence-Guided Primer on Endogenous Endocrine Influences on Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
Every, D. W. V., D’Souza, A. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000346 · Cited by 40
Acute Plasma Volume Change With High-Intensity Sprint Exercise
Bloomer, R. J., & Farney, T. M. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318282d416 · Cited by 36
“Hence, the need may exist for values to be correctly adjusted for the change in plasma volume to accurately interpret certain findings, whether involving routine exercise assessments (3,6,12,13,16,21) or more clinically relevant conditions (1,2,9,20).”
Background
Temporal pattern analysis and its applicability in soccer
Bloomfield, J., Jonsson, G. K., Polman, R. C. J., Houlahan, K., & O’Donoghue, P. (2005) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 35
Acute Endocrine and Force Responses and Long-Term Adaptations to Same-Session Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Women
Eklund, D., Schumann, M., Kraemer, W. J., Izquierdo, M., Taipale, R. S., & Häkkinen, K. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001022 · Cited by 34
“Although it has been suggested that tissue exposure to acute elevations in anabolic hormones would not be associated with hypertrophy or strength performance (47), such correlations have been demonstrated in male populations after pure strength training (22,31).”
Background
Effects of Resistance Exercise Intensity on Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Men
Taylor, L. W., Wilborn, C., Kreider, R. B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318242f92d · Cited by 34

Authors: Mccall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Fleck, S. J., Dickinson, A., & Kraemer, W. J.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Fleck, Steven J.
Kraemer, William J.
Venue: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 1999-02-01
Volume: 24
Issue: 1
Pages: 96-107
ISSN: 1066-7814 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1139/h99-009
OpenAlex: W2094212126
Cited by: 249
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Keywords: resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, growth hormone, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor I, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, muscle fiber type
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Physical Education and Training, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Human Growth Hormone

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Acute and Chronic Hormonal Responses to Resistance Training Designed to Promote Muscle Hypertrophy

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