The release and persistence of radioactive anthropogenic nuclides
Abstract
Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons during the period 1945–1980 ushered in the ‘atomic age’ and released large quantities of anthropogenic radiogenic nuclides into the atmosphere. These radionuclides were subsequently deposited as fallout to the entire surface of the planet. While many have decayed to negligible levels, long-lived radionuclides persist and will do so for thousands of years. Isotopes of plutonium, 239 Pu (half-life 24 100 years) and 240 Pu (half-life 6563 years), provide the best chronological markers for the onset of this anthropogenic event both now and into the future due to their long half-lives, particle-reactivity, and the fact that they were present in negligible quantities prior to anthropogenic production and release. Chronostratigraphic markers established by distinct Pu concentration profiles and Pu isotope changes in sediment sequences and ice and coral cores can provide high-resolution dating over the last 60 years. However, even though fallout has ceased, it is found that the Pu inventory currently held in surface soil layers and the oceans will continue to supply Pu to sediment deposition zones for millennia and centuries, respectively. The delivery of this Pu will depend on soil erosion and bioturbation rates, and the rate of removal of dissolved Pu from the ocean.
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The worldwide fallout from nuclear bomb explosions is easily identifiable in the chemostratigraphic record.
“additional bombs were detonated at the average rate of one every 9.6 days until 1988 with attendant worldwide fallout easily identifiable in the chemostratigraphic record.”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
The global spread of artificial radionuclides from surface A-bomb explosions is a stratigraphic marker of the mid-twentieth century.
“the global spread of artificial radionuclides from surface A-bomb explosions (Fairchild and Frisia, 2014;Hancock et al., 2014;Wolff, 2014);”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
The radiogenic signal became prominent worldwide a few years later than 1945, as nuclear testing became more widespread.
“Practically speaking, this radiogenic signal became prominent worldwide a few years later than 1945 (e.g.Hancock et al., 2014;Wolff, 2014;Waters et al., 2015), as nuclear testing became more widespread.”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
Cs-137 shows a well-defined maximum in 1963 CE.
“There are no natural sources of Cs-137 and it shows the first pronounced atmospheric increase in the northern hemisphere in 1954 CE (Fig. 1) and a well-defined maximum in 1963 CE (in this latter case together with other human-made fallout radionuclides such as Plutonium 239 þ 240 or Americium 241).”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
Cs-137 shows the first pronounced atmospheric increase in the northern hemisphere in 1954 CE.
“There are no natural sources of Cs-137 and it shows the first pronounced atmospheric increase in the northern hemisphere in 1954 CE (Fig. 1) and a well-defined maximum in 1963 CE (in this latter case together with other human-made fallout radionuclides such as Plutonium 239 þ 240 or Americium 241).”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
In the next few decades, Pu-239 will replace Cs-137 as the most distinguishable artificial radionuclide on Earth and the best chronological marker of the Anthropocene.
“The short-lived radioisotope Cs-137 has been used extensively to date recent sediments (Pennington et al., 1973;Ritchie and McHenry, 1990;Walker, 2005), although in the next few decades it will be replaced by long-lived Pu-239 as the most distinguishable artificial radionuclide on Earth and the best chronological marker of the Anthropocene (Hancock et al., 2014;Waters et al., 2015).”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Hancock et al., 2014
The appearance of a 239Pu fallout signature in 1951 C.E., peaking in 1963-1964 C.E., will be identifiable in sediments and ice for the next 100,000 years, decaying to a layer enriched in 235U and ultimately stable 207Pb.
“The appearance of a 239 Pu fallout signature in 1951 C.E., peaking in 1963-1964 C.E. (Fig. 4B) will be identifiable in sediments and ice for the next 100,000 years ( 61, 64 ), decaying to a layer enriched in 235 U and, ultimately, stable 207 Pb.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
239Pu may be the most suitable radioisotope for marking the start of the Anthropocene.
“239 Pu, with a long half-life (24,110 years), low solubility and high particle reactivity, particularly in marine sediments, may be the most suitable radioisotope for marking the start of the Anthropocene ( 61, 64 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
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Glikson, A. Y. (2017) · Modern approaches in solid earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57237-6_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gardoki, J., Cearreta, A., Irabién, M. J., Gómez‐Arozamena, J., Villasante‐Marcos, V., & García‐Artola, A. (2022) · Geogaceta · doi:10.55407/geogaceta99834
Geochronometry of marine deposits
Torfstein, A., & Hemming, S. R. (2024) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00082-6
Anthropogenic Effects on Elementomes Across Organisms, Ecosystems, and the Biosphere
Peñuelas, J., Coello, F., de la Casa, J., Nogué, S., Fernández‐Martínez, M., Ogaya, R., & Sardans, J. (2026) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.71144
- Authors
- Hancock, G. J., Tims, S. G., Fifield, L. K., & Webster, I. T.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- 1 Scaddan Place, Curtin, ACT 2605, Australia
- Venue
- Geological Society, London, Special Publications
- Publisher
- Geological Society of London
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 395
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 265-281
- ISSN
- 0305-8719 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-4927
- OpenAlex
- W2039545639
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geological Society London Special Publications (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Radioactive contamination and transfer
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology › Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Nuclear Issues and Defense
- Keywords
- nuclear test fallout, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, plutonium isotopes, atmospheric nuclear tests, sediment core, ice cores, coral cores, soil erosion, bioturbation, anthropogenic radionuclides
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